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Trust Me, I Am a RobotRobot safety: as robots move into homes and offices, ensuring that t

Trust Me, I Am a Robot

Robot safety: as robots move into homes and offices, ensuring that they do not injure people will be vital. But how?

The incident

In 1981 Kenji Urada, a 37-year-old Japanese factory worker, climbed over a safety fence at a Kawasaki plant to carry out some maintenance work on a robot. In his haste, he failed to switch the robot off properly. Unable to sense him, the robot's powerful hydraulic arm kept on working and accidentally pushed the engineer into a grinding machine. His death made Urada the first recorded victim to die at the hands of a robot.

This gruesome industrial accident would not have happened in a world in which robot behaviour was governed by the Three Laws of Robotics drawn up by Isaac Asimov, a science-fiction writer. The laws appeared in I, Robot, a book of short stories published in 1950 that inspired a recent Hollywood film. But decades later the laws, designed to prevent robots from harming people either through action or inaction, remain in the realm of fiction.

Indeed, despite the introduction of improved safety mechanisms, robots have claimed many more victims since 198 I. Over the years people have been crushed, hit on the head, welded and even had molten aluminium poured over them by robots. Last year there were 77 robot-related accidents in Britain alone, according to the Health and Safety Executive.

More related issues

With robots now poised to emerge from their industrial cages and to move into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts have come together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences--an international group of scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons—the new group of robo-ethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.

"Security, safety and sex are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and one of the organisers of the new robo-ethics group. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians? And should robotic sex dolls resembling children be legally allowed?

These questions may seem esoteric but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant, says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600,000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers — a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety and ethical guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.

Difficulties

So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces? "Not enough," says Blay Whitby, an artificial-intelligence expert at the University of Sussex in England. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-critical computing" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer.

Regulating the behaviour of robots is going

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

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更多“Trust Me, I Am a RobotRobot safety: as robots move into homes and offices, ensuring that t”相关的问题

第1题

听力原文:W: Hello, Dr. Christianson.M: Hello, Cathy, what can I do for you?W: Well, I need

听力原文:W: Hello, Dr. Christianson.

M: Hello, Cathy, what can I do for you?

W: Well, I need an extension for my report on whales. Next Wednesday I am supposed to present in class and hand my report in, but I won't be ready.

M: You had six weeks to work on this, and I have a policy of penalizing heavily for late assignments. You lose 20% the first day, and 10% for each day after.

W: Well, my computer broke down and I lost everything. I have taken the computer into the Campus Computer Center but they cannot retrieve any of my files.

M: I can sympathize with the computer issue, because it happened to me once when I was a student. My computer crashed just as I was on the last page of a 10,000-word essay. I assume this will be a lesson to you.

W: Oh yes.

M: Well, let's look at the calendar and see if there is another opportunity for your presentation and report.

W: What about on November 29?

M: Let me see, no, that wouldn't work as Jane Clark is doing her presentation that day.

W: I'm not sure I can get it finished much sooner as I have to start writing the report from scratch.

M: Well, perhaps I can allow you to hand in your report on November 29, but the presentation must be sooner. Looking at my calendar, the only possible day would be November 22.

Rob Metcalf was supposed to present that day but I understand he was in a serious car accident and had to withdraw from university.

W: I didn't know that.

M: So, we have arranged for you to present on November 22, and hand in your report on November 29.

W: Thanks again, Dr. Christianson.

(23)

A.Help her prepare the presentation.

B.Give her extra time to finish the report.

C.Give her some advice on doing the report.

D.Hand in her report next Wednesday.

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第2题

听力原文:W: Hello, Dr. Christianson.M: Hello, Cathy, what can I do for you?W: Well, [22] I

听力原文:W: Hello, Dr. Christianson.

M: Hello, Cathy, what can I do for you?

W: Well, [22] I need an extension for my report on whales. Next Wednesday I am supposed to present in class and hand my report in, but I won't be ready.

M: You had six weeks to work on this, and [23] I have a policy of penalizing heavily for late assignments. You lose 20% the first day, and 10% for each day after.

W: Well, my computer broke down and I lost everything. I have taken the computer into the Campus Computer Center but they cannot retrieve any of my files.

M: [24] 1 can sympathize with the computer issue, because it happened to me once when I was a student. My computer crashed just as I was on the last page of a 10,000-word essay. I assume this will be a lesson to you.

W: Oh yes.

M: Well, let's look at the calendar and see if there is another opportunity for your presentation and report.

W: What about on November 29?

M: Let me see, no, that wouldn't work as Jane Clark is doing her presentation that day.

W: I'm not sure I can get it finished much sooner as I have to start writing the report from scratch.

M: Well, perhaps I can allow you to hand in your report on November 29, but the presentation must be sooner. Looking at my calendar, the only possible day would be November 22. [25] Rob Metcalf was supposed to present that day but I understand he was in a serious car accident and had to withdraw from university.

W: I didn't know that.

M: So, we have arranged for you to present on November 22, and hand in your report on November 29.

W: Thanks again, Dr. Christianson.

(23)

A.Help her prepare the presentation.

B.Give her extra time to finish the report.

C.Give her some advice on doing the report.

D.Hand in her report next Wednesday.

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第3题

听力原文:M: Good morning, Dr. Smith. My name is Peter. I am a freshman in your department.
There are a few things that I am not quite sure of and I do need your advice.

W: Thank you very much for your trust, Peter. As your academic advisor I will try my best to help you.

M: Thanks. It's about my major...

W: Well, what's the matter?

M: I used to major in English, but now I have made up my mind to switch to Applied Linguistics, concentrating on Teaching English as a Foreign Language.

W: So you want to switch majors?

M: Yes. But I wonder if it is possible.

W: Well, usually we allow it, as long as you have enough credits.

M: That's good news for me. I'm not interested in literature and that sort of thing. I want to be a real teacher, Professor. But I'm worried about the make-up credits.

W: You usually do have to make up some credits when you switch majors. Are you OK on credits?

M: Not too many. I'll have to add about 12 credits as far as I can. figure from my transcript. Would you please let me know how many credits are required to get a master's degree?

W: Usually thirty-six credits are needed, ff you take five courses per term, you'll have enough credits after just two semesters. Usually each course is worth three credits. To get the six remaining credits you either prepare a thesis or take two more courses.

M: Is there anything else besides the 36 credits for the master's?

W: You have to have an oral defense.

M: I see.I really appreciate your help,Professor.

W: Glad I can help.Good luck.Peter.

(23)

A.A literature professor.

B.An academic advisor.

C.Dean of the English Department.

D.A Doctor of Applied Linguistics.

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第4题

Don't ____; I am not complaining.

A.get me wrong

B.see me wrong

C.take me wrong

D.look me wrong

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第5题

听力原文:Ken :Hello, Rob.Rob :Hello, Ken... Hello Barbara. Come in. Shall I take your coat

听力原文:Ken :Hello, Rob.

Rob :Hello, Ken... Hello Barbara. Come in. Shall I take your coats?

Ken :Thank you very much. What a lovely house!

Rob :I'm glad you like it.

Ken :Where' s Anna?

Rob :Oh, she's in the kitchen. She'll be here in a minute. Just go into the dining room. How about a drink before dinner?

Ken :That's a good idea.

Anna :Here we are...,dinner's ready. Sit down, everybody.

Barbara :Thank you very much, Anna. Everything looks wonderful, and it smells delicious, too.

Anna :I'll put the salad in the middle of the table. Shall I serve you?

Barbara : No, it's all right. We can help ourselves.

Anna : Rob, could you pour the wine, please? Ken, help yourself to the vegetables, too.

Rob : Would you like some mere brandy, Barbara?

Barbara : Oh, no, thanks, no more for me. I'm driving tonight.

Rob : Oh, come on, just a little.

Barbara : No, really, I mustn't. Let me help you with the washing-up.

Rob : The washing-up! No, no, don't worry. We always leave that until the morning.

Rob : Here are your coats.

Ken : Thanks. It's been a marvelous evening. It was very kind of you to invite us.

Anna : Don't mention it. It was very nice to see you again.

Barbara : Well, we enjoyed ourselves very much.

Rob : We're so glad, you must come again.

Ken : Good ,fight, and thanks again.

Anna : Good night, and drive carefully. It's a very wet night.

(23)

A.Ken and Barbara are eating out tonight.

B.Rob and Anna are entertaining their friends at home.

C.Anna is cooking a big meal for a family party.

D.Old friends are gathering in Rob' s home to celebrate his birthday.

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第6题

My parents had explained everything to me and now ().

A.I am having in no doubt left

B.I have not in doubt left

C.I was left in no doubt

D. leaving me in no doubt left

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第7题

Can you tel me where______ ?

A.are they

B.am I

C.she is

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第8题

A: Can you show me how to run the machines someday? B:().

A.Guess

B.That' s so nice of you

C.Yes, I am

D.Sure

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第9题

I am glad you've come; I am______ telephoning you, but you've saved me the trouble now.A.i

I am glad you've come; I am______ telephoning you, but you've saved me the trouble now.

A.in the light of

B.by means of

C.with the purpose of

D.on the point of

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第10题

The whole family greet me as though I()a member of the family

A.am

B.were

C.would be

D.should be

点击查看答案

第11题

I ___ Professor Jones had taught me thie equation.

A、believe

B、deeply think

C、wish

D、am guessing

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