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Human babies are born in immature, helpless states, owing to ______.
A．the early birth of human fetuses
B．the big brains of the fetus
C．the constricted birth canals of the mother
D．both big brains and constricted birth canals
答案
更多“Human babies are born in immature, helpless states, owing to ______.A．the early birth of h”相关的问题
第1题
Parents of wailing (哀号) babies, take com-fort: You am not alone. Chimpanzee babies fuss. Sea gull chicks squawk. Burying beetle larvae tap their parents' legs. Throughout the animal kingdom, babies know how to get their parents' attention. Exactly why evolution has produced all this fussing, squawking and tapping is a question many biologists are trying to answer.
Someday, that answer may shed some light on the mystery of crying in human babies. "It may point researchers in the right direction to find the causes of excessive crying," said Joseph Soltis, a bioacoustics expert at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Soltis published an article on the evolution of crying in the current issue of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Young animals vary in how much they cry, squawk or otherwise communicate with their parents, and studies with mice, beetles and monkeys show that this variation is partly based on genes. Some level, of crying in humans, of course, is based on gas pains and messy diapers. But as for the genetic contribution, you might expect that natural selection would favor genes for noisier children, since they would get more attention.
Before long, however, this sort of deception may be ruinous. If the signals of offspring became totally unreliable, parents would no longer benefit from paying attention. Some evolutionary biologists have proposed that natural selection should therefore favor se-called honest advertisements. Some biologists have speculated that these honest advertisements may not just tell a parent which offspring are hungry. They might also show their parent that they are healthy and vigorous and therefore worth some extra investment. The babies of monkeys cry out to their mothers and tend to cry even more around the time their mothers wean (断奶) them. The mothers, in response, begin to ignore most of their babies' distress calls, since most turn out to be false alarms. "Initially, mothers respond any time an infant cries," said Dario Maestripieri, a primatologist at the University of Chicago. "But as the cries increase, they respond less and less. They become more skeptical. So infants start crying less. So they go through these cycles, adjusting their responses."
Kim Bard, a primatolugist at the University of Plymouth in England, has spent more than a decade observing chimpanzee babies. "Chimps can cry for a long time if something terrible is happening to them, but when you pick them up, they stop," Bard said. "I've never seen any chimpanzees in the first three months of life be inconsolable."
Maestripieri and other researchers say these evolutionary forces may have also shaped the cries of human babies. "All primate infants cry," Maestripieri said. "It's a very conserved behavior. It's not something humans have evolved on their own."
What can be the most probable title of this passage？
A．Parents Bothered by Babies' Cry
B．Infants Crying for Parents' Attention
C．Clues from Animals on Why Babies Cry
D．False Cry
第2题
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
36. According to the author, babies learn to do things which .
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
37. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby .
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
38. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to .
A) have the lights turned on
B) be rewarded with milk
C) please their parents
D) be praised
39. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because .
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
B) the sight of the lights was interesting
C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
40. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of .
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
第3题
Parents of wailing (哀号) babies, take comfort: You are not alone. Chimpanzee babies fuss. Sea gull chicks squawk. Burying beetle larvae tap their parents' legs. Throughout the animal kingdom, babies know how to get their parents' attention. Exactly why evolution has produced all this fussing, squawking and tapping is a question many biologists are trying to answer.
Someday, that answer may shed some light on the mystery of crying in human babies. "It may point researchers in the right direction to find the causes of excessive crying," said Joseph Soltis, a bioacoustics expert at Disney's Animal Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Soltis published an article on the evolution of crying in the current issue of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
Young animals vary in how much they cry, squawk or otherwise communicate with their parents, and studies with mice, beetles and monkeys show that this variation is partly based on genes. Some level of crying in humans, of course, is based on gas pains and messy diapers. But as for the genetic contribution, you might expect that natural selection would favor genes for noisier children, since they would get more attention.
Before long, however, this sort of deception may be ruinous. If the signals of offspring became totally unreliable, parents would no longer benefit from paying attention. Some evolutionary biologists have proposed that natural selection should therefore favor so-called honest advertisements. Some biologists have speculated that these honest advertisements may not just tell a parent which offspring are hungry. They might also show their parent that they are healthy and vigorous and therefore worth some extra investment. The babies of monkeys cry out to their mothers and tend to cry even more around the time their mothers wean (断奶) them. The mothers, in response, begin to ignore most of their babies' distress calls, since most turn out to be false alarms. "Initially, mothers respond any time an infant cries," said Dario Maestripieri, a primatologist at the University of Chicago. "But as the cries increase, they respond less and less. They become more skeptical. So infants start crying less. So they go through these cycles, adjusting their responses."
Kim Bard, a primatologist at the University of Plymouth in England, has spent more than a decade observing chimpanzee babies. "Chimps can cry for a long time if something terrible is happening to them, but when you pick them up, they stop," Bard said. "I've never seen any chimpanzees in the first three months of life be inconsolable."
Maestripieri and other researchers say these evolutionary forces may have also shaped the cries of human babies. "All primate infants cry," Maestripieri said. "It's a very conserved behavior. It's not something humans have evolved on their own."
What can be the most probable title of this passage？
A．Parents Bothered by Babies' Cry
B．Infants Crying for Parents' Attention
C．Clues from Animals on Why Babies Cry
D．False Cry
第4题
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological (生理的)“drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to“reward” the babies and so taught them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement“switched on” a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would“smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which______.
A．are directly related to pleasure
B．will meet their physical needs
C．will bring them a feeling of success
D．will satisfy their curiosity
第5题
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’s responses in situations where on milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on”. A display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many three turns to one side.
Papousek’s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
第26题：According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasure
B) will meet their physical needs
C) will bring them a feeling of success
D) will satisfy their curiosity
第6题
to one another.
I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his cell phone rang, interrupting our conversation.There we were walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and…I became invisible, absent from the conversation .
The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones They were passing people wi thout looking at them, say ing hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pat their dogs.It seems that the limitless electronic voice is preferred to human contact.
The telephone used to connect you to the absent.Now it makes people sitting next to you feel absent.Recently I was in a car with three friends.The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone.There we were, four friends driving down the highway, unable to talk to each other because of the small thing designed to make communication easier.
why is it that the wore connected we get.The more disconnected I feel？ Every advance in ommunications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction(互动).With email and instant message over the internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone.If my moe has a question, I just leave the answer on her machine.
As almost every contact we can imagine between human beings gets automated(自动化), the emot ional di stance index(疏远指数) goes up.Pumping gas at the station？ Why say good-morning to the assistant when you can swipe you credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact？ Making a deposit at the bank？ Why talk to the clerk who lives in the neight when you can put your card into the ATM？
More and more, I find myself hiding behind e-mail to do a job meant for conversation.Or being relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn ’t really have time to talk.The techno logy devoted to helping me keep in touch is making me lonelier
I own a mobile phone, an ATM card, a voicemail telephone,and an e-mail account.Giving them up isn' t a choice.They are great for what they are intended to do.It' s their unitended results that make me upset.What good is all this gee-whiz technology if there is no one in the room to hear you crying out“ Gee whiz”？
21.The author’s experience of walking in a park with a frier recently made him feel()
A.unhappy
B.funny
C.wonderful
22.According to the author, human contact in a park means()
A.looking at each other and saying hello when passing
B.noticing their babies and stopping to pat their dogs
C.both A and B
23.According to the author, the more connected we get in communication technology, the () we are
A.more automatic
B.easier
C.more disconnected
24.What are the examples the author gives to explain his idea that every advance in communication technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction？()
A.With e-mail and instant message over the Internet.We can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another.
B.With voice mail, you can make entire conversations.without ever reaching anyone.
C.Both A and B
25.What is the unintended result of communication technology, according to the author？()
A.It makes communication easier and conversation possible everywhere.
B.It actually reates a distance between people instead of bringing them together.
C.It makes every contact between human beings automatic and makes people feel connected.
第7题
Many people like the gigantic whales. Human sympathy 【C1】______ whales is only natural of all the creatures in the sea. 【C2】______ are closer relatives to us than these warm-blooded mammals. And how they got into the sea is one of the most fascinating stories of 【C3】______ . Most authorities believe that 60 million years ago ancestors of modern whales were four-legged, wolf-size animals living on the sea shores, 【C4】______ an abundance of fish and shrimp tempted them to try wading. Over 10 to 15 million years, their bodies grew, forelegs shrank into flippers used for 【C5】______ and steering and hind legs disappeared. As a result of some amazing transformations, they arc now helpless on land. If stranded on a beach, they can barely breathe.
With abundant 【C6】______ of food, whales grew into the largest creatures that lived, 【C7】______ larger than dinosaurs. A blue whale can grow to 100 feet. Its tongue is ten feet thick and heavier than an elephant. Some arteries are big enough for a child to swim 【C8】______ . The half-ton heart has walls two feet thick and pumps eight tons of blood. 【C9】______ its size comes awesome strength. A blue whale swimming 【C10】______ 15 knots generates 1000 horsepower. 【C11】______ their size, these giants move at a good speed. An 18-ton whale can even 【C12】______ 12 m. p. h., over short distances. A whale can 【C13】______ up to 9000 pounds of food a day. The world's biggest creature 【C14】______ itself almost entirely on shrimp-like krill, smaller than a person's thumb.
Maternal instincts are also highly 【C15】______ . Because a calf is born underwater, the mother must get it to the surface before it 【C16】______ . Often another whale will help. The mother pushes it gently 【C17】______ the baby is confident with its swimming usually after about 30 minutes. If the calf is born 【C18】______ , she may support it on her back until it gradually rots away. Like all mammals, whale babies feed 【C19】______ mother's milk. And the milk is more than 30-percent fat, over 10-percent protein, and the babies grow extremely fast. A blue whale calf lengthens 【C20】______ two inches a day and gains an average seven pounds per hour.
【C1】
A．with
B．to
C．for
D．in
第8题
After more than 40 years of parallel development, the
information and life sciences — computing and biology — are
fusing into a single, powerful force that is the foundation for
the biotech century. Increasingly, the computer used to decode, 【S1】______
manage and organize the vast amounts of genetic information
that will be raw resource of the new global economy.
The biotech century promises great riches: genetically
engineered plants and animal to feed a hungry population; genetically 【S2】______
derived sources of energy and fiber to build a renewable society;
wonder drags and genetic therapies to produce healthier babies,
eliminate suffering and extended human lifespan. But a question will 【S3】______
gaunt us: at what cost？
The new genetic commerce raises more troubling issues than
any economic revolution in history. Will the artificial creation of cloned 【S4】______
and transgenic animals mean the end of nature and substitution of a 【S5】______
bio-industrial world？ Will the mass release of thousands of genetically
engineered life forms into the environment cause catastrophic pollution
and reversible damage to the biosphere？ What are the consequences of 【S6】______
the world's gene pool become patented intellectual property, controlled 【S7】______
exclusively by a handful of corporations？ What will it mean to live in a
world where babies are genetically engineered in the womb, and that 【S8】______
people are increasingly identified and stereotyped on the basis of their
genotype？
The debate is not about the science but about how we apply them. 【S9】______
Until now the debate has engaged a very broad group of molecular 【S10】______
biologists and government policy-makers, though the biotech
revolution affects us all. With the new technology flooding into our
lives, the moment has come for a much broader debate, one that involves
the whole society.
【S1】
第9题
The story begins at least two million years ago, when our brains started to grow larger, eventually making humans the most cognitively advanced species on earth. This evolution was not without its difficulties, particularly for mothers. That's because, some five million to seven million years ago, soon after the human lineage (世系) branched from the ancestors of chimpanzees (黑猩猩), another peculiarity increasingly came to mark our ancestors: walking upright on two legs, or bipedalism.
The evolution of bipedalism gradually altered our ancestors' skeletons. By the time brain size began trending upward, the shape of the human pelvis (骨盆) had changed to accommodate the muscle attachments that facilitated walking (and running) in a more vertical posture. As a result, parts of the birth canal narrowed, making the passage of big-brained infants increasingly difficult.
The combination of big brains and constricted birth canals was an obstetrical problem for early mothers and no doubt led to high rates of maternal and infant mortality. The infants who survived were the ones whose heads were small enough to squeeze through narrowed birth canals, but to thrive outside the womb, human development favored big brains. And so natural selection encouraged the early birth of human fetuses, before they had finished gestating (孕育). For that reason, our babies are born in immature, helpless states compared with those of the apes.
Had it not been for the natural selection of enlarged brains, our species would have evolved in a completely different direction. There would be no theory of relativity, no knowledge of "entangled" particles or the human genome; we'd have no great art, music or novels. The excruciating (极痛苦的) pain and trauma of childbirth are the cost our species has paid for its fancy cognition. And mothers continue to pay the debt.
But that's hardly all prehistoric mothers gave us. They also may well have touched off the evolution of language from the sounds they made to reassure their helpless infants. Baby chimpanzees, after all, can cling to their mothers' hairy chests and contentedly ride along, nursing on demand. But human infants, born immature, lack that dexterity. Before the advent of devices like baby slings, the burden of carrying helpless infants presented a dilemma for early mothers as they foraged for food and water.
The purpose of the author in wring this passage is ______.
A．to celebrate Mother's Day
B．to commend the role of the female in the history of human evolution
C．to have a general review of human evolution
D．in honor of mothers all over the world
