Food waste in less-developed countries happens mainly at the producers end.

of the food we produce and thus a waste of land and resources.

The author suggests that home cooked food______.

A．is rich in salt and sugar

B．tastes worse than outside food

C．is just a waste of time for parents

D．helps control children's weight

the United Nations mid-range projection for global population is about 9.5 billion. Thismeans that there could be an extra three billion mouths to feed by the end of the century, a period inwhich substantial changes are anticipated in the wealth, calorie intake and dietary preferences ofpeople in developing countries across the world. Such a projection presents mankind with wide-ranging social, economic, environmental and political issues that need to be addressed today toensure a sustainable future for all. One key issue is how to produce more food in a world of finiteresources. [B] Today, we produce about four billion metric tonnes of food per year. Yet due to poor practices inharvesting, storage and transportation, as well as market and consumer wastage, it is estimated that30-50% of all food produced never reaches a human stomach. Furthermore, this figure does notreflect the fact that large amounts of land, energy, fertilisers and water have also been lost in theproduction of foodstuffs which simply end up as waste. This level of wastage is a tragedy that cannotcontinue if we are to succeed in the challenge of sustainably meeting our future food demands. Where Food Waste Happens [C] In 2010, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers identified throe principal emerging population groups acrossthe world, based on characteristics associated with their current and projected stage of economic development. ~ Fully developed, mature, post-industrial societies, such as those in Europe, characterised by stable ordeclining populations which are increasing in age. ~ Late-stage developing nations that are currently industrialising rapidly, for example China, which willexperience declining rates of population growth, coupled with increasing affluence (富裕)and age profile. ~ Newly developing countries that are beginning to industrialise, primarily in Africa, with high to very high population growth rates, and characterised by a predominantly young age profile. [D] Each group over the coming decades will need to address different issues surrounding food production, storage and transportation, as well as consumer expectations, if we are to continue to feed all our people. [E] In less-devel0ped countries, such as those of sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia, wastage tends to occurprimarily at the farmer-producer end of the supply chain. Inefficient harvesting, inadequate localtransportation and poor infrastructure (基础设施) mean that produce is frequently handled inappropriatelyand stored under unsuitable farm site conditions. [F] In mature, fully developed countries such as the UK, more,efficient farming practices and better transport,storage and processing facilities ensure that a larger proportion of the food produced reaches markets andconsumers. However, characteristics associated with modem consumer culture mean produce is often wastedthrough retail and customer behaviour. [G] Major supermarkets, in meeting consumer expectations, will often reject entire crops of perfectly edible fruitand vegetables at the farm because they do not meet exacting marketing standards for their physicalcharacteristics, such as size and appearance. [H] Of the produce that does appear in the supermarket, commonly used sales promotions frequently encouragecustomers to purchase excessive quantities which, in the case of perishable foodstuffs, inevitably generatewastage in the home. Overall between 30% and 50% of what has been bought in developed countries isthrown away by the purchaser. Better Use of Our Finite Resources [I] Wasting food means losing not only life-supporting nutrition but also precious resources, including land,water and energy. As a global society, therefore, tackling food waste will help contribute towards addressinga number of key resource issues. [J] Land Usage: Over the last five decades, improved farming techniques and technologies have helped tosignificantly increase crop yields along with a 12% expansion of farmed land use. However, a further increasein farming area without impacting unfavourably on what remains of the worlds natural ecosystems appearsunlikely. The challenge is that an increase in animal-based production will require more land and resources, aslivestock (牲畜) fanning demands extensive land use. [K] Water Usage: Over the past century, human use of fresh water has increased at more than double the rate ofpopulation growth. Currently about 3.8 trillion m3 of water is used by humans per year. About 70% of this isconsumed by the global agriculture sector, and the level of use will continue to rise over the coming decades. [L] Better irrigation can dram.atically improve crop yield and about 40% of the worlds food supply is currentlyderived from irrigated land. However, water used in irrigation is often sourced unsustainably. In processingfoods after the agricultural stage, there are large additional uses of water that need to be tackled in a world ofgrowing demand. This is particularly crucial in the case of meat production, where beef uses about 50 timesmore water than vegetables. In the future, more effective washing techniques, management procedures, andrecycling and purification of water will be needed to reduce wastage. [M] Energy Usage: Energy is an essential resource across the entire food production cycle, with estimates showingan average of 7-10 calories of input being required in the production of one calorie of food. This variesdramatically depending on crop, from three calories for plant crops to 35 calories in the production of beef.Since much of this energy comes from the utilisation of fossil fuels, wastage of food potentially contributes tounnecessary global warming as well as inefficient resource utilisation. [N] In the modern industrialised agricultural process--which developing nations are moving towards in order toincrease future yields--energy usage in the making and application of fertilisers and pesticides represents thesingle biggest component. Wheat production takes 50% of its energy input for these two items alone. Indeed,on a global scale, fertiliser manufacturing consumes about 3-5% of the worlds annual natural gas supply.With production anticipated to increase by 25% between now and 2030, sustainable energy sourcing willbecome an increasingly major issue. Energy to power machinery, both on the farm and in the storage andprocessing facilities, adds to the energy total, which currently represents about 3.1% of annual global energyconsumption. Recommendations [O] Rising population combined with improved nutrition standards and shifting dietary preferences will exertpressure for increases in global food supply. Engineers, scientists and agriculturalists have the knowledge, tools and systems that will assist in achieving productivity increases. However, pressure will grow on finiteresources of land, energy and water. The potential to provide 60-100% more food by simply eliminatinglosses, while simultaneously freeing up land, energy and water resources for other uses, is an:opportunity thatshould not be ignored. In order to begin tackling the challenge, the Institution recommends that: ~ The UN Food and Agriculture Organisation work with the international engineering community to ensuregovernments of developed nations put in place programmes that transfer engineering knowledge, designknow-how, and suitable technology to newly developing countries. This will help improve producehandling in the harvest, and immediate post-harvest stages of food production. ~ Governments of rapidly developing countries incorporate waste minimisation thinking into the transportinfrastructure and storage facilities currently being planned, engineered and built. ~ Governments in developed nations devise and implement policy that changes consumer expectations. Theseshould discourage retailers from wasteful practices that lead to the rejection of food on the basis of cosmeticcharacteristics, and losses in the home due to excessive purchasing by consumers. Elimination of waste alone can potentially provide over sixty percent more food for the growing world population.

Landfills

You have just finished your meal at a fast food restaurant and you throw your uneaten food, food wrappers, drink cups, utensils and napkins into the trash can. You don't think about that waste again. On trash pickup day in your neighborhood, you push your can out to the curb, and workers dump the contents into a big truck and haul it away. You don't have to think about that waste again, either. But maybe you have wondered, as you watch the trash truck pull away, just where that garbage ends up.

Americans generate trash at an astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person; which translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year! This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries. What happens to this trash？ Some gets recycled (回收利用) or recovered and some is burned, but the majority is buried in landfills.

How Much Trash Is Generated？

Of the 210 million tons of trash, or solid waste, generated in the United States annually, about 56 million tons, or 27 percent, is either recycled (glass, paper products, plastic, metals) or composted (做成堆肥) (yard waste). The remaining trash, which is mostly unredeemable, is discarded.

How Is Trash Disposed Of？

The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. This trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.

There Are Two Ways to Bury Trash:

Dump-an open hole in the ground where trash is buried and that is full of various animals (rats, mice, birds). (This is most people's idea of a landfill!)

Landfill-carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment (groundwater, air, rain). This isolation is accomplished with a bottom liner and daily covering of soil.

Sanitary landfill-landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill-landfill that uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment.

The purpose of a landfill is to bury the trash in such a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry and will not be in contact with air. Under these conditions, trash will not decompose(腐烂)much. A landfill is not like a compost pile, where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly. Proposing the Landfill

For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill.

In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local governments' responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environmental impact study, must be done on the proposed site to determine:

the area of land necessary for the landfill

the composition of the underlying soil and bedrock

the flow of surface water over the site

the impact of the proposed landfill on the local environment and wildlife

the historical value of the proposed site

Building the Landfill

Once the environmental impact study is complete, the permits are granted and the funds have been raised, then construction begins. First, access roa

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

Questions下列各are based on the following passage. A bull grazes on dry wheat husks(Phi) in Logan, Kansas, one of the regions hit by the record drought that has affected more than half of the U. S. and is expected to drive up food prices. Leadinu water scientists have issued one of the sternest warnings yet about global food supplies, saying that the worlds population may have to switch almost completely to a vegetarian diet over the next 40 years to avoid catastrophic shortages. Adopting a vegetarian diet is one option to increase the amount of water available to grow more food in an increasingly climate-unstable world, the scientists said. Animal protein-rich food consumes 5 to 10 times more water than a vegetarian diet. One third of the worlds arable(适于耕种的) land is used to grow crops to feed animals. Other options to feed people include eliminating waste and increasing trade between countries in food surplus and those in deficit. "900 million people already go hungry and 2 billion people are malnourished in spite of the fact that per capita food production continues to increase," they said. "With 70% of all available water being in agriculture, growing more food to feed an additional 2 billion people by 2050 will place greater pressure on available water and land. " The report is being released at the start of the annual world water conference in Stockholm, Sweden, where 2,500 politicians, UN bodies, non-governmental groups and researchers from 120 countries meet to address global water supply problems. Competition for water between food production and other uses will intensify pressure on essential resources, the scientists said. "The UN predicts that we must increase food production by 70% by mid-century. This will place additional pressure on our already stressed water resources, at a time when we also need to allocate more water to satisfy global energy demand--which is expected to rise 60% over the coming 30 years--and to generate electricity for the 1.3 billion people currently without it," said the report. Overeating, undernourishment and waste are all on the rise and increased food production may face future constraints from water scarcity. "We will need a new recipe to feed the world in the future," said the reports editor, Anders Jagerskog. A separate report from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) said the best way for countries to protect millions of farmers from food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia was to help them invest in small pumps and simple technology, rather than to develop expensive, large-scale irrigation projects. "Farmem across the developing world are increasingly relying on and benefiting from small-scale,locally-relevant water solutions. These techniques could increase yields up to 300% and add tens of billions of U. S. dollars to household revenues across sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. " said Dr. Colin Chartres, the director general. What can be inferred from the water scientists warning？

A.The record drought forces half of the U. S. to go hungry.

B.The record drought drives up food prices m the U. S.

C.Severe food shortage may happen without proper measures.

D.A vegetarian diet is the only option to avoid disastrous shortages.

cause of the sale of bottled water from Japan. The water is angrily argued in public, has traveled 10,000 "food miles" before it reaches Western customers. "transporting water halfway across the world is surely the extremely stupid use of fuel when there is plenty of water in the UK." It is also worried that we are wasting our fuel by buying prams from Indonesia (7,000 food miles ) and carrots from South Africa(5,900 food miles).

Counting the number of miles traveled done by a product is a strange way of trying to tell the true situation of the environmental damage done by an industry. Most food is transported around the world on container ships that are extremely energy efficient. It should be noted that a ton of butter transported 25 miles in a track product transported hundreds of miles by sea. Besides, the idea of "miles" ignores the amount of fuel used in the production. It is possible to cut down your food miles by buying tomatoes grown in Britain rather than those grown in Ghana; the difference is that the British one will have been raised in heated greenhouses and the Ghanaian ones in the open sun.

What the idea of "food miles" does provide, however, is the chance to cut out Third World Countries from First World food markets. The number of miles traveled by our food should, as I see it, be regarded as a sign of the success of the global trade system, not a sign of damage to the environment.

(33)

A．Because some imported goods cause environmental damage.

B．Because UK wastes a lot of money importing food products.

C．Because people waste energy buying food from other countries.

D．Because growing certain vegetables cause environmental damage.

(机车).Indeed，the animal body is a machine.It is a machine composed of many parts doing some particular kind of work for which a particular kind of structure fits it.

All the parts are dependent on each other and work together for the accomplishment of the total business of the machine.The locomotive must be provided with fuel, such as coal or wood or other combustible(易燃的)substance，the consumption of which provides the force or energy of the machine.The animal body must be provided with fuel, which is called food, which similarly provides the energy of the animal.

Oxygen must be provided for the combustion of the fuel in the locomotive and of the food in the body.The locomotive is composed of special parts，the fire box for the storage and combustion (燃烧)of fuel; the steam pipes for the carriage of steam; the wheels for locomotion (移动); the chimney for throwing off waste.

The animal body is similarly composed of such parts as the stomach for the storage and digestion of food, the organs for the throwing off of waste water, the blood vessels for the carriage of oxygen and food-holding blood, the legs or wings for locomotion.

1.The body of an animal is like a locomotive in that ().

A.it is composed of many parts that work just like different parts of a locomotive

B.it can do some particular kind of work

C.it works like all the machines in the world

D.both the animal and the locomotive need coal or wood as their fuel

2.Every part of the animal body().

A.works independently

B.works dependently on each other

C.looks like the same as that of a machine

D.has the same structure as that of a machine

3.The energy of an animal is provided by().

A.throwing off waste

B.the combustion of fuels such as coal or wood

C.consumption of food

D.the carriage of blood

4.The function of animal s legs is like__of a machine.

A.the wheels

B.chimney

C.steam pipes

D.the firebox

5.The steam pipes of a locomotive work like the()of an animal body.

A.stomach

B.blood vessels

C.legs

D.wings

听力原文： Many changes are taking place in food style. in the U. S. America is traditionally famous for its very solid and unchanging diet of meat and potatoes. Now we have many different alternatives to choose from, various ethnic food, health food and fast food in addition to the traditional home-cooked meal.

Ethnic restaurants and supermarkets are commonplace in the U. S. because the U.S. is a country of immigrants. There is an immense variety. Any large American city is filled with restaurants serving international cooking. Many cities even have ethnic sections: Chinatown, Little Italy or Germantown. With this vast ethnic choice, we can enjoy food from all over the world. This is a pleasant thought for those who come here to travel or to work. They can usually find their native specialties.

Health food gained popularity when people began to think more seriously about their physical well-being. The very term health food is ironic because it implies that there is also unhealth food. Health food is fresh, natural and unprocessed food. It does not contain preservatives to make it last longer or chemical to make it taste or look better. Most health food enthusiasts are vegetarians. They eat no meat. They prefer to get their essential protein from other sources, such as beans, cheese and eggs. Fast food restaurants are now expanding rapidly all over the country. In the U.S. speed is very important. People usually have a short lunch break or they just do not want to waste their time eating. Fast food restaurants are places which take care of hundreds of people in a short time. There is usually very little waiting and the food is always cheap. Some examples are hamburger and pizza places.

(33)

A．Lack of variety.

B．Full of varieties.

C．Fresh but not delicious.

D．Attractive and nutritious.

听力原文： An environmental group called the Food Commission is unhappy and disappointed because of the sale of bottled water from Japan. The water as is angrily argued in public, has traveled 10,000 "food miles" before it reaches Western customers. "Transporting water halfway across the world is surely the extremely stupid use of fuel when there is plenty of water in the UK." It is also worried that we are wasting our fuel by buying praums from Indonesia (7,000 food miles) and carrots from South Africa (5,900 food miles).

Counting the number of miles traveled done by a product is a strange way of trying to tell the true situation of the environmental damage done by an industry. Most food is transported around the world on container ships that are extremely energy efficient. It should be noted that a ton of butter transported 25 miles in a truck transported hundreds of miles by sea. Besides, the idea of "miles" ignores the amount of fuel used in the production. It is possible to cut down your food miles by buying tomatoes grown in Britain rather than those grown in Ghana; the difference is that the British one will have been raised in heated greenhouses and the Ghanaian ones in the open sun.

What the idea of "food miles" does provide, however, is the chance to cut out Third World Countries from First World food markers. The number of miles traveled by our food should, as I see it, be regarded as a sign of the success of the global trade system, not a sign of damage to the environment.

(33)

A．Because some imported goods cause environmental damage.

B．Because UK wastes a lot of money importing food products.

C．Because people waste energy buying food from other countries.

D．Because growing certain vegetables cause environmental damage.

of each comversation you will hear four questions. both the comversation and the questions will be spoken only once. afier you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked a, b cand d. then mark the corresponding letter on answer Sheet i with a single line through the centre. Questions1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heardA.they reward businesses that eliminate food wast

B.they prohibit the sale of foods that have gone stale

C.they facilitate the donation of unsold foods to the needy

D.they forbid businesses to produce more foods than needed

2、A.it imposed penalties on businesses that waste food

B.it passed a law aiming to stop overproduction

C.it voted gainst food import from outside europe

D.it prohibited the promotion of bulk food sales.

3、A.it has warmed its people against possible food shortage.

B.it has penalized businesses that keep overproducing foods

C.it has started a nationwide campaign against food waste.

D.it has banned supermarkets from dumping edible foods.

4、A.the confusion over food expiration labels.

B.the surplus resulting from overproduction

C.americans' habit of buying food in bulk

D.a lack of regulation on food consumption

7、A.mail a gift card to her.

B.allow her to buy on credi

C.credit it to her account

D.give her some coupons.

8、A.refunding for goods returned

B.free installing of appliances.

C.prolonged goods warranty.

D.complimentary tailoring

5、Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.A.it has started a week-long promotion campaign.

B.it has just launched its annual anniversary sales

C.it offers regular weekend sales all the year round

D.it specializes in the sale of ladies designer dresses

6、A.price reductions for its frequent customers.

B.coupons for customers with bulk purchases.

C.free delivery of purchases for senior customers.

D.price adjustments within seven days of purchase.

请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！