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Because high-income consumers are selective, they only buy expensive things.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
答案
更多“Because high-income consumers are selective, they only buy expensive things.A．YB．NC．NG”相关的问题
第1题
第2题
A.The high-income and low-income groups are two separate decision-makers. They decide whether they will accept the environmental protection project on their own and make optimum decisions for themselves according to the principle of maximum utility.
B.The high-income group and the low-income group are two independent decision-makers. They decide whether to accept the environmental protection project or not, and make the best decision for themselves according to the principle of maximum utility.
C.High-income groups and low-income groups are two independent decision-making bodies, each of which decides whether to accept this environmental protection project and make optimal decisions that are beneficial to themselves according to the principle of utility maximization.
D. The high-income group and the low-income group are two independent decision-making subjects. They decide whether to accept this environmental protection project or not and make the best decision for themselves according to the principle of utility maximization.
第3题
In its latest economic health check, the Washington-based Bank said tougher economic policies and the jump in commodity prices would slow the pace of world growth this year before a pick-up in activity in 2012.
The Bank predicted that global growth was on course to edge down from 3.8 percent in 2010 to 3.2 percent this year, then accelerate to 3.6 percent in 2012. It forecast that the pace of activity in high-income countries would slow from 2.7 percent in 2011 to 2.2 percent in 2012. Developing countries, which were responsible for almost half global growth in 2010, would expand by 6.3 percent this year, down from 7.3 percent in 2010.
The Bank warned that its forecasts could be over-optimistic should oil prices continue to rise. Brent crude (布伦特原油) was t
1If oil prices keep rising, the forecasted global economic growth rate could be __________.
A、increased to 3.6 percent
B、increased to 6.3 percent
C、reduced to 2.2 percent
D、slowed by 0.5 percent
2What has been causing oil prices to continue to increase？
A、Market uncertainty or unstable oil supply.
B、The global recession of 2008 and 2009.
C、Over-optimistic forecast for economic growth.
D、Agreement reached by the OPEC oil cartel.
3What problem(s) do developing countries need to strive to address？
A、The slow economic growth rate.
B、Poverty brought by high food prices.
C、Structural imbalances and inflation pressures.
D、Tensions coming from high-income countries.
4According to the World Bank, high food prices had been a result of ____________.
A、high oil prices and decreased oil production
B、high oil prices and poor crop harvest
C、tougher economic policies
D、rise in other commodity prices
5How does the World Bank sound in making the predictions about economic growth？
A、Worried.
B、Objective.
C、Indifferent.
D、Sympathetic
第4题
(1)至少一个周六晚上不能在家过夜的旅客才可以购买特价机票。
(2)坚持将水泥送货上门，并以购买者的住址为定价基础。
(3)销售食品加工机时附送10美元折扣的优惠券。
(4)对卫生纸提供临时促销价。
(5)给高收入病人做整形外科手术的要价高于低收入病人。
Price discrimination requires the ability to sort customers and the ability to prevent arbitrage. Explain how the following can function as price discrimination schemes and discuss both sorting and arbitrage:
a. Requiring airline travelers to spend at least one Saturday might away from home to qualify for a low fare.
b. Insisting on delivering cement to buyers, and basing prices on buyers' locations.
c. Selling food processors along with coupons that can be sent to the manufacturer to obtain a S 10 rebate.
d. Offering temporary price cuts on bathroom tissue.
e. Charging high-income patients more than low-income patients for plastic surgery.
第5题
Healthy Returns in India
Growth in India has been racing along at an annual 30 percent rate over the last decade, compared to a global average of 20 per cent. This is at a time when the nation's gross domestic product growth averaged 6 to 8 per cent. As lifestyles change, seemingly by the day, sports and fitness have gradually entered into the Indian consciousness as businesses are discovering.
There is no need for a one-size-fits-all strategy in India's healthy sports industry, says David Huang, founder of the Hong Kong-based Asian Academy for Sports and Fitness Professionals. The diverse economic and cultural conditions across many regions ensure that all fitness enthusiasts can find their place, from traditional Indian martial arts to modem Latin dance, and from yoga(瑜珈) to extreme sports, he says.
Health clubs
The fitness segment is a key component of the sports industry, accounting for about a third of the US $15 billion spent annually. Health clubs, which poured about two-thirds of the money into fitness, are increasing at an astonishing rate; there are about 100,000 registered around the country. Most of them target to high-income earners between 18 and 50 who are eager to pursue a healthy and fashionable lifestyle.
New Delhi's first private fitness club, Nirvana, was set up in 2001, It now has five outlets throughout the capital, and two of them franchised(特许的). It plans to open another in the city and one in Bombay, a coastal city in Midwest India. Nirvana president says about 22,000 club members regularly work out. Its flagship(旗舰店) gym occupies 3,000 square meters and is located near a group of high-grade office buildings. It is usually packed to full capacity with about 800 fitness enthusiasts most evenings. Kelly Fan, 25, spends two hours three times a week at Nirvana. She pays US $679 for an annual membership. That's; equivalent to her monthly salary. It's worth it, she says, because "health is priceless."
The largest overseas-funded fitness chain is CSI-Bally Total Club, which was launched in May 2002 and currently operates 13 outlets across India. "We plan to open 10 to 15 new clubs nationwide this year," says board chairman of the gym. Sources close to the chain say membership growth is estimated at 100 to 200 percent annually.
Research on Fitness Spending
A survey by well-known market research and consulting firm Horizon indicates that spots spending in six major cities stood at US $64 per capita in 2003, with New Delhi ranked first at US $110.
The primary reason to go on a fitness regimen(养生法)is to stay healthy, said 71 percent of respondents in the survey, which covered 1,639 people aged between 18 and 60 in New Delhi, Dacca; Calcutta and Bombay. Not all health clubs are restricted to downtown areas, rich suburbs or relatively well-heeled consumers. There are many community sports clubs catering to urban neighborhoods and charging US $123 to US $185.
Rossi, 28, who worked as instructor for about seven years at foreign-funded fitness chain Bodywork-impulse, started her own fitness centre in July, in cooperation with a residential community neighboring Bombay University. "With my professional experience at Bodywork-impulse and the affordable prices for middle-income earners, running the fitness centre is not difficult," Rossi tells India Business Weekly confidently, adding that expansion to other communities is under consideration.
Research by India Sports Industry International, one of the country's pioneer sports operation and marketing consulting companies, found that annual sports spending by Indian consumers is less than US $12 per capita, in comparison with US $300-500 in the United States and advanced European nations.
Lack of Qualified Instructors
The contrast and the great potential explain why people with experience and expertise are keen to c
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第6题
Present planning, thinking, and legislation will not produce the kinds of New Town that have been successful abroad. It will multiply suburbs or encourage developments in areas where land is cheap and construction profitable rather than where New Towns are genuinely needed.
Such ill-considered projects not only will fall to relieve pressures on existing cities but will, in fact, tend to weaken those cities further by drawing away high-income citizens and increasing the concentration of lowincome groups that are unable to provide tax income. The remaining taxpayers, accordingly, will face increasing burdens, and industry and commerce will seek escape. Unfortunately, this mechanism is already at work in some metropolitan areas.
The promoters of New Towns so far in the United States have been developers, builders, and financial institutions. The main interest of these promoters is economic gain. Furthermore, federal regulations designed to promote the New Town idea do not consider social needs as the European New Town plans do. In fact, our regulations specify virtually all the ingredients of the typical suburban community, with a bit of political rhetoric (修辞) thrown in.
A workable American New Town formula should be established as firmly here as the national formula was in Britain. All possible social and governmental innovations as well as financial factors should be thoroughly considered and accommodated (容纳)in this policy. Its objectives should be clearly stated, and both incentives and penalties should be provided to ensure that the objectives are pursued, If such a policy is developed, then the New Town approach can play an important role in alleviating America's urban problems.
The writer thinks that the idea of building "New Town" in the U.S. ______.
A．will help to solve the present urban situation
B．will produce the same sorts of results as does in Europe
C．will by no means alleviate the urban problems
D．will prevent the present urban situation from getting worse
第7题
长篇阅读题
MODERN FAMILIES
Class Differences in Child-Rearing Are on the Rise
Claire Cain Miller @clairecm DEC. 17, 2015
The lives of children from rich and poor American families look more different than they have in decades.
Well-off families are ruled by calendars, with children enrolled in ballet, soccer and after-school programs, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. There are usually two parents, who spend a lot of time reading to children and worrying about their anxiety levels and hectic schedules.
In poor families, however, children tend to spend their time at home or with extended family, the survey found. They are more likely to grow up in neighborhoods that their parents say aren’t great for raising children, and their parents worry about them getting shot, beaten up or in trouble with the law.
The class differences in child rearing are growing, researchers say — a symptom of widening inequality with far-reaching consequences. Different upbringings set children on different paths and can deepen socioeconomic divisions, especially because education is strongly linked to earnings. Children grow up learning the skills to succeed in their socioeconomic stratum, but not necessarily others.
“Early childhood experiences can be very consequential for children’s long-term social, emotional and cognitive development,” said Sean F. Reardon, professor of poverty and inequality in education at Stanford University. “And because those influence educational success and later earnings, early childhood experiences cast a lifelong shadow.”
The cycle continues: Poorer parents have less time and fewer resources to invest in their children, which can leave children less prepared for school and work, which leads to lower earnings.
American parents want similar things for their children, the Pew report and past research have found: for them to be healthy and happy, honest and ethical, caring and compassionate. There is no best parenting style. or philosophy, researchers say, and across income groups, 92 percent of parents say they are doing a good job at raising their children.
Yet they are doing it quite differently.
Middle-class and higher-income parents see their children as projects in need of careful cultivation, says Annette Lareau, a University of Pennsylvania sociologist whose groundbreaking research on the topic was published in her book “Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life.” They try to develop their skills through close supervision and organized activities, and teach children to question authority figures and navigate elite institutions.
Working-class parents, meanwhile, believe their children will naturally thrive, and give them far greater independence and time for free play. They are taught to be compliant and deferential to adults.
There are benefits to both approaches. Working-class children are happier, more independent, whine less and are closer with family members, Ms. Lareau found. Higher-income children are more likely to declare boredom and expect their parents to solve their problems.
Yet later on, the more affluent children end up in college and en route to the middle class, while working-class children tend to struggle. Children from higher-income families are likely to have the skills to navigate bureaucracies and succeed in schools and workplaces, Ms. Lareau said.
“Do all parents want the most success for their children？ Absolutely,” she said. “Do some strategies give children more advantages than others in institutions？ Probably they do. Will parents be damaging children if they have one fewer organized activity？ No, I really doubt it.”
Social scientists say the differences arise in part because low-income parents have less money to spend on music class or preschool, and less flexible schedules to take children to museums or attend school events.
Extracurricular activities epitomize the differences in child rearing in the Pew survey, which was of a nationally representative sample of 1,807 parents. Of families earning more than $75,000 a year, 84 percent say their children have participated in organized sports over the past year, 64 percent have done volunteer work and 62 percent have taken lessons in music, dance or art. Of families earning less than $30,000, 59 percent of children have done sports, 37 percent have volunteered and 41 percent have taken arts classes.
Especially in affluent families, children start young. Nearly half of high-earning, college-graduate parents enrolled their children in arts classes before they were 5, compared with one-fifth of low-income, less-educated parents.
Nonetheless, 20 percent of well-off parents say their children’s schedules are too hectic, compared with 8 percent of poorer parents.
Another example is reading aloud, which studies have shown gives children bigger vocabularies and better reading comprehension in school. Seventy-one percent of parents with a college degree say they do it every day, compared with 33 percent of those with a high school diploma or less, Pew found. White parents are more likely than others to read to their children daily, as are married parents.
Most affluent parents enroll their children in preschool or day care, while low-income parents are more likely to depend on family members.
Discipline techniques vary by education level: 8 percent of those with a postgraduate degree say they often spank their children, compared with 22 percent of those with a high school degree or less.
The survey also probed attitudes and anxieties. Interestingly, parents’ attitudes toward education do not seem to reflect their own educational background as much as a belief in the importance of education for upward mobility.
Most American parents say they are not concerned about their children’s grades as long as they work hard. But 50 percent of poor parents say it is extremely important to them that their children earn a college degree, compared with 39 percent of wealthier parents.
Less-educated parents, and poorer and black and Latino parents are more likely to believe that there is no such thing as too much involvement in a child’s education. Parents who are white, wealthy or college-educated say too much involvement can be bad.
Parental anxieties reflect their circumstances. High-earning parents are much more likely to say they live in a good neighborhood for raising children. While bullying is parents’ greatest concern over all, nearly half of low-income parents worry their child will get shot, compared with one-fifth of high-income parents. They are more worried about their children being depressed or anxious.
In the Pew survey, middle-class families earning between $30,000 and $75,000 a year fell right between working-class and high-earning parents on issues like the quality of their neighborhood for raising children, participation in extracurricular activities and involvement in their children’s education.
Children were not always raised so differently. The achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families is 30 percent to 40 percent larger among children born in 2001 than those born 25 years earlier, according to Mr. Reardon’s research.
People used to live near people of different income levels; neighborhoods are now more segregated by income. More than a quarter of children live in single-parent households — a historic high, according to Pew – and these children are three times as likely to live in poverty as those who live with married parents. Meanwhile, growing income inequality has coincided with the increasing importance of a college degree for earning a middle-class wage.
Yet there are recent signs that the gap could be starting to shrink. In the past decade, even as income inequality has grown, some of the socioeconomic differences in parenting, like reading to children and going to libraries, have narrowed, Mr. Reardon and others have found.
Public policies aimed at young children have helped, he said, including public preschool programs and reading initiatives. Addressing disparities in the earliest years, it seems, could reduce inequality in the next generation.
The Upshot provides news, analysis and graphics about politics, policy and everyday life. Follow us on Facebook and Twitter. Sign up for our newsletter.
A version of this article appears in print on December 18, 2015, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Class Divisions Growing Worse, From Cradle On. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe
第8题
A. Because she works for a museum.
B. Because she's a Lincoln scholar.
C. Because she does it as a hobby.
D. Because she teaches a course on currency exchange.
第9题
Betty moved out from the dormitory （） the noise.
A.because of
B.in spite of
C.because
D.despite
第10题
A．Light-hearted because of her fellow workers.
B．Happy because the building is fully lit.
C．Tired because of the heavy workload.
D．Bored because time passed slowly.
