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[主观题]

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It

is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is 【C1】______ and another 'is competitive.

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and 【C2】______ certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two 【C3】______ schools of thought on the matter have 【C4】______ . As one might expect, the two 【C5】______ are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of 【C6】______ between proponents (支持者) of each theory. The controversy is often 【C7】______ to as "nature vs nurture".

Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior. patterns are 【C8】______ determined by biological and 【C9】______ factors. That our environment has 【C10】______ , if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior. is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior. is predetermined 【C11】______ such a great degree that we are almost completely 【C12】______ by our instincts.

Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or, 【C13】______ they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining 【C14】______ we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior. is almost completely 【C15】______ by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite 【C16】______ ; they maintain that, like machines, humans 【C17】______ to environmental stimuli as the 【C18】______ of their behavior.

Neither of these theories can yet 【C19】______ explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the 【C20】______ to our behavior. lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

【C1】

A．fragile

B．cooperative

C．credible

D．aggressive

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发布时间：2020-10-17

更多“People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It”相关的问题

第1题

Have you ever wondered at the way certain people【B1】______the best in others？ Weve all kno

wn them — chief executives,【B2】______, parents. They seem to possess an ability to【B3】______people. And this remarkable skill in the art of【B4】______affects the lives of those around them. In a famous study by a Harvard psychologist, they discovered that【B5】______a teachers expectations of students tended to improve the childrens performances. Ill tell you how the study【B6】______: At the start of one autumn term in a【B7】______school, teachers were assigned a number of new children who were said to have more ability than most and were expected to do well. In fact, the teachers didnt know that these children were chosen【B8】______and didnt necessarily have a greater ability than others. When they were tested at the end of the years, the pupils whom the teachers thought had the most potential had increased their IQ more than their【B9】______did. They were happier and more eager to study and the teachers said they had a better chance to succeed. It seems that because their teachers had been led to【B10】______more of them, the children had actually begun to expect more of themselves.

【B1】

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第2题

听力原文：We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East, where people

听力原文： We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down from one generation to another. (29)These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.

(30) Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian people now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2000 years ago.

But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.

(31) Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. (31)Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.

(30)

A．They moved from one place to another.

B．They came from Indonesia.

C．They have left us information about their migrations.

D．They preserved their sagas and legends.

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第3题

听力原文：Have you ever seen a movie in which a building was burnt down or a bridge was des

听力原文： Have you ever seen a movie in which a building was burnt down or a bridge was destroyed？ Have you seen films in which a train crashed or a ship sank into the ocean？ ff so, you may have wondered how these things could happen without harming the people in the film. The man who knows the answer is the special effects man. He has one of the most important jobs in the film industry. He may be ordered to create a flood, or to make a battlefield explode. But he may also be asked to create a special effect. It is much more exciting. Once a film director wanted some fish that were swimming in a big glass bowl to stop swimming suddenly while they were seen to stare at an actor. Then the director wanted, the fish to stop staring and swim away. But fish can't be ordered to do anything. It was quite a problem. The special effects man thought about this for a long time. The result was an ides for controlling the fish with the harmless use of electricity. First he applied electricity to the fish howl causing the fish to be absolutely still. Then he rapidly reduced the amount of electricity allowing the fish to swim away. Thus he got the humorous effect that the director wanted.

(23)

A．Historical development of filmmaking.

B．Making a special film about fishing.

C．Special man in film industry.

D．Special effects in filmmaking.

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第4题

听力原文： One crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another; and people who cross it

frequently do not make the voyage for the sake of its interest. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed early. When I arrived in the cabin, I was surprised to see that I was to have a companion. There was a suitcase like mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet anywhere, except that he was wearing such good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not get on well together, and did not say a single word to him.

When I woke up at mid-night, I felt cold and then realized that a current of air was coming from somewhere. I got up to shut the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. The moon shone through it onto the other bed. There was no one there. It took me a minute or two to remember locking the door myself. I realized that my companion must have jumped through the window into the sea.

(22)

A．It's very interesting.

B．It's much the same.

C．It's very tiring.

D．It's very exciting.

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第5题

Have you ever wondered what our future is like？ Practically all people【C1】______a desire t

o predict their future【C2】______People seem inclined to【C3】______this task u sing causal reasoning. First, we generally【C4】______that future circumstances are【C5】______caused or conditioned by present ones. We learn that getting an education will【C6】______how much money we earn later and that swimming beyond the reef may bring an unhappy【C7】______with a shark.

Second, people also learn that such【C8】______of cause and effect are probabilistic in nature. That is, the effects occur more often when the causes occur than when the causes are【C9】______, but not al ways.【C10】______, students learn that studying hard produces good grades【C11】______most instances, but not every time. Science makes these concepts of causality and probability more clear and【C12】______techniques for dealing with them more【C13】______than does causal human inquiry. In looking at ordinary human inquiry, we need to【C14】______between prediction and under .standing. Often, even if we don't under stand why, we are willing to act on the basis of a demonstrated【C15】______ability.

Whatever the primitive drives that【C16】______human beings, satisfying them depends heavily on the ability to predict future circumstances. The attempt to predict is often played in the【C17】______of knowledge and understanding. If you can understand why certain regular patterns【C18】______, you can predict better than if you simply ob serve those patterns. Thus, human inquiry aims【C19】______answering both "what" and "why" questions, and we【C20】______these goals by observing and figuring out.

【C1】

A．exhibit

B．exploit

C．release

D．expose

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第6题

听力原文：W: You know, I've often wondered why people laugh at the picture of a big belly b

usinessman slipping on a banana skin and falling on his bottom. We are to feel sorry for him.

M: Actually, Laura, I think we laugh because we are glad it didn't happen to us. But of course there is also a kind of humorous satisfaction in seeing somebody self-important making a fool of themselves.

W: Yes, and then there are a lot of jokes about people who are too fat or physically handicapped, you know, deaf, or short-sighted, things like that. After all, it's not really funny to be like that.

M: Oh, I think that's because we're embarrassed. We don't know how to cope with the situation. Perhaps we are even a bit frightened we might get like that, so we laugh. What about the custard pie routine？

W: What do you mean "custard pie routine"？

M: You know, all those old films where someone gets so outraged with his boss, he picks up a custard pie and plasters it all over the other person's face.

W: That never makes me laugh very much, because you can guess it's going to happen. But a lot of people still find it laughable. It must be because it's the sort of the thing we'd all love to do once in a while and never quite have the courage to.

M: I had an old aunt who used to throw cups of tea at people when she was particularly irritated. She said it relieved her feelings.

W: It must have come a bit expensive.

M: Not really. She took care never to throw her best china.

Questions:

19. Why does the man say we laugh when we see some self-important people making fools of themselves？

20. Why do some people joke about those who are fat or handicapped according to the man？

21. Why do many people find it funny to see someone throwing a custard pie on their boss's face？

22. Why did the man's aunt say she would drop cups of tea at people occasionally？

(23)

A．We simply cannot help reacting instinctively that way.

B．We wish to hide our indifference to their misfortune.

C．We derive some humorous satisfaction from their misfortune.

D．We think it serves them right for being mean to other people.

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第7题

Passage Two：Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Taste is such a subjecti

ve matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola (可口可乐) companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.

We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.

We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’ choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.

Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 of 27 identified all four samples correctly.

While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people go all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.

第56题：According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to ________.

A) find out the role taste preference plays in a person’s drinking

B) reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers

C) show that a person’s opinion about taste is mere guess-work

D) compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks

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第8题

听力原文：Sign language has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have

听力原文： Sign language has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that sign languages are unique--a speech of the hands. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: Whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the world's only liberal arts university for deaf people.

When Bill Stoke went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. He had been taught a sort of gesture code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English, At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form. of pidgin English. But Stoke believed the "hand talk" his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually have a genuine language？ And could that language be unlike any other on earth？ Stoke devoted his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture. For decades educators fought his idea that sign languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese.

(7)

A．Sign languages.

B．Natural languages.

C．Artificial languages.

D．Genuine languages.

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第9题

A Dose of RealityMajor Reality Check When the pain reliever Vioxx was withdrawn from the m

A Dose of Reality

Major Reality Check

When the pain reliever Vioxx was withdrawn from the market last fall after the announcement that it increased patients' risk of heart attacks and strokes, millions of Americans panicked. The sometimes sensationalized headlines didn't help. People wondered, "Should I trust my doctor？" "Could a medication that I thought would help me actually kill me？" "Is our drug safety system broken？"

Suddenly, ads for the drug were replaced with ads looking for Vioxx "victims". Law firms across the nation began recruiting anyone who had ever taken the drug as plaintiffs (原告) for class-action (公诉) suits. Merck, the company that developed the drug, could be liable for billions of dollars, making it one of the costliest liability cases ever. No surprise, then, that Merck's stock plummeted(垂直落下) 40 percent in just six weeks.

But the real cost was even greater. Not only did patients stop taking Vioxx but, doctors say, many people stopped taking their other medicines, too-sometimes putting their health at serious risk.

Vioxx was the first pebble in the pharmaceutical rock slide. Soon, accusations about a spate of other drugs were making headlines, including all COX-2 inhibitors which, like Vioxx, relieve pain. The charges didn't stop there. The FDA was accused of simply rubber-stamping new drugs; drug companies were blamed for hiding information about unsafe products; and the efficacy(功效) of clinical trials that did not reveal how large numbers of people would react was questioned. But one question that was rarely asked could determine whether or not pharmaceutical companies continue to develop and produce breakthrough medications that can save or extend lives and help people live without pain. The question: do Americans expect drugs to be risk-free？ And, if someone suffers a bad reaction, will lawyers rather than doctors be the first people we call？

Panic over Pills: Overreaction？

During the tan-year period between 1994 and 2004, the FDA approved 321 completely new drugs (this doesn't include approvals for changes to existing medicines ), bringing the total to more than 10,000 drug products on the market. During that same period, eight drugs were withdrawn for reasons of safety, such as the diet drug fenfluramine (fen-phen, associated with heart-valve disease) and the allergy drug Seldane (linked to heart arrhythmias). But the Vioxx recall created a shock wave for the American consumer like no other. Many people had come to depend on their "meals", and they expected them to be safe, too, especially when they cost so much. Prescription drugs account for, some say, the fastest growing segment (about one-tenth) of all health expenditures, with some specialty drugs costing hundreds of dollars per dose.

"With Vioxx, the real shock and outrage came when there was a suggestion that people in authority may have known about these harmful side effects and not shared them with doctors or the public," says Anne Woodbury, chief health advocate for the Center for Health Transformation, a think tank founded by Newt Gingrich. It made people question their faith in the pharmaceutical industry, federal regulators and physicians-those we trust to make sure our drugs are safe. Before, taking a newly prescribed pill with a slug of water was as routine as brushing your teeth. For many people, this is no longer the case.

People have reason to worry. In clinical trial data submitted to-the FDA, Vioxx showed no connection to heart problems. The drug was approved in May 1999. But after Vioxx hit the market and grew in popularity, heart problems were revealed- lots of them. Tens of thousands of people may have been affected, and Merck was accused of hiding that information.

"The system is not perfect," comments Marianne J. Legato, MD, professor of clinical medicine at Columbia University College of Physi

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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