Small Schools Rising This year&39;s list of the top 100 high schools shows that today, tho
se with fewer students are flourishing.
Fifty years ago, they were the latest thing in educational reform. big, modem, suburban high schools with students counted in the thousands. As baby boomers (二战后婴儿潮时期出生的人) came of high-school age, big schools promised economic efficiency, a greater choice of courses, and, of course, better football teams. Only years later did we understand the trade-offs this involved: the creation of excessive bureaucracies (官僚机构), the difficulty of forging personal connections between teachers and students. SAT scores began dropping in 1963; today, on average, 30% of students do not complete high school in four years, a figure that rises to 50% in poor urban neighborhoods. While the emphasis on teaching to higher, test-driven standards as set in No Child Left Behind resulted in significantly better performance in elementary (and some middle) schools, high schools for a variety of reasons seemed to have made little progress.
Size isn&39;t everything, but it does matter, and the past decade has seen a noticeable countertrend toward smaller schools. This has been due, in part, to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has invested $1.8 billion in American high schools, helping to open about 1,000 small schools—most of them with about 400 kids each, with an average enrollment of only 150 per grade. About 500 more are on the drawing board. Districts all over the country are taking notice, along with mayors in cities like New York, Chicago and San Diego. The movement includes independent public charter schools, such as No.1 BASIS in Tucson, with only 120 high-schoolers and 18 graduates this year. It embraces district- sanctioned magnet schools, such as the Talented and Gifted School, with 198 students, and the Science and Engineering Magnet, with 383, which share a building in Dallas, as well as the City Honors School in Buffalo, N.Y., which grew out of volunteer evening seminars for students. And it includes alternative schools with students selected by lottery (抽签), such as H-B Woodlawn in Arlington, Va.And most noticeable of all, there is the phenomenon of large urban and suburban high schools that have split up into smaller units of a few hundred, generally housed in the same grounds that once boasted thousands of students all marching to the same band.
Hillsdale High School in San Mateo, Calif., is one of those, ranking No.423—among the top 2% in the country—on Newsweek&39;s annual ranking of America&39;s top high schools. The success of small schools is apparent in the listings. Ten years ago, when the first Newsweek list based on college-level test participation was published, only three of the top 100 schools had graduating classes smaller than 100 students. This year there are 22. Nearly 250 schools on the full Newsweek list of the top 5% of schools nationally had fewer than 200 graduates in 2007.
Although many of Hillsdale&39;s students came from wealthy households, by the late 1990s average test scores were sliding and it had earned the unaffectionate nickname (绰号) "Hillsjail". Jeff Gilbert, a Hillsdale teacher who became principal last year, remembers sitting with other teachers watching students file out a graduation ceremony and asking one another in astonishment, "How did that student graduate？"
So in 2003 Hillsdale remade itself into three "houses", romantically named Florence, Marrakech and Kyoto. Each of the 300 arriving ninth grades are randomly (随机地) assigned to one of the houses, where they will keep the same four core subject teachers for two years, before moving on to another for 11th and 12th grades. The closeness this system cultivates is reinforced by the institution of "advisory" classes. Teachers meet with students in groups of 25, five mornings a week, for open-ended discussions of everything from homework problems to bad Saturday-night dates. The advisers also meet with students privately and stay in touch with parents, so they are deeply invested in the students&39; success. "We&39;re constantly talking about one another&39;s advisees," says English Teacher Chris Crockett. "If you hear that yours isn&39;t doing well in math, or see them sitting outside the dean&39;s office, it&39;s like a personal failure." Along with the new structure came a more demanding academic program; the percentage of freshmen taking biology jumped from 17 to 95. "It was rough for some, but by senior year, two-thirds have moved up to physics," says Gilbert. "Our kids are coming to school in part because they know there are adults here who know them and care for them." But not all schools show advances after downsizing, and it remains to be seen whether smaller schools will be a cure-all solution.
The Newsweek list of top U.S. high schools was made this year, as in years past, according to a single metric, the proportion of students taking college-level exams. Over the years this system has come in for its share of criticism for its simplicity. But that is also its strength: it&39;s easy for readers to understand, and to do the arithmetic for their own schools if they&39;d like.
Ranking schools is always controversial, and this year a group of 38 superintendents (地区教育主管) from five states wrote to ask that their schools be excluded from the calculation. "It is impossible to know which high schools are &39;the best &39;in the nation," their letter read, in part. "Determining whether different schools do or don&39;t offer a high quality of education requires a look at many different measures, including students&39; overall academic accomplishments and their subsequent performance in college, and taking into consideration the unique needs of their communities."
In the end, the superintendents agreed to provide the data we sought, which is, after all, public information. There is, in our view, no real dispute here; we are all seeking the same thing, which is schools that better serve our children and our nation by encouraging students to tackle tough subjects under the guidance of gifted teachers. And if we keep working toward that goal, someday, perhaps, a list won&39;t be necessary.
1.Fifty years ago, big, modem, suburban high schools were established in the hope of ______.
A. ensuring no child is left behind
B. increasing economic efficiency
C. improving students&39; performance on SAT
D. providing good education for baby boomers
2. What happened as a result of setting up big schools？
A. Teachers&39; workload increased.
B. Students&39; performance declined.
C. Administration became centralized.
D. Students focused more on test scores.
3.What is said about the schools funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation？
A. They are usually magnet schools.
B. They are often located in poor neighborhoods.
C. They are popular with high-achieving students.
D. They are mostly small in size.
4.What is most noticeable about the current trend in high school education？
A. Some large schools have split up into smaller ones.
B. A great variety of schools have sprung up in urban and suburban areas.
C. Many schools compete for the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funds.
D. Students have to meet higher academic standards.
5. Newsweek ranked high schools according to ______.
A. their students&39; academic achievement
B. the number of their students admitted to college
C. the size and number of their graduating classes
D. their college-level test participation
6.What can we learn about Hillsdale&39;s students in the late 1990s？
A. They were made to study hard like prisoners.
B. They called each other by unaffectionate nicknames.
C. Most of them did not have any sense of discipline.
D. Their school performance was getting worse.
7. According to Jeff Gilbert, the "advisory" classes at Hillsdale were set up so that students could ______.
A. tell their teachers what they did on weekends
B. experience a great deal of pleasure in learning
C. maintain closer relationship with their teachers
D. tackle the demanding biology and physics courses
8. ______is still considered a strength of Newsweek&39;s school ranking system in spite of the criticism it receives.
9.According to the 38 superintendents, to rank schools scientifically, it is necessary to use____________.
10.To better serve the children and our nation, schools should hire gifted teachers and encourage students to take____________.
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