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[主观题]

Many describe Freud as the most influential psychologistof all time. Yet not everyone reco

Many describe Freud as the most influential psychologist

of all time. Yet not everyone recognize the profound effect of 【S1】______

psychoanalytic theory in the way most of us look at human 【S2】______

behavior, regardless of any formal exposure to Freud's works.

For example, most adults in Western society accept the idea that

behavior. can be influenced by an unconscious part of the mind.

We say things like "I must have done that consciously" or "Even 【S3】______

though I didn't realize it consciously, maybe unconsciously

I did." Although Freud was not the first to talk about the

unconscious, no one ago, or probably since, has placed 【S4】______

so many emphasis upon unconscious processes in explaining 【S5】______

human behavior.

Do you believe that dreams hold important psychological

information, revealing inner fears and desires? If so, you are

backing on an idea that Freud popularized. 【S6】______

As people had been interpreting dreams for thousands of 【S7】______

years, Freud was the first to incorporate dream interpretation

into a larger psychological theory. When we talk about our dreams

and lay to figure it out, we are informally following a therapeutic 【S8】______

procedure outlining by Freud at the turn of the century. 【S9】______

Numerous examples of Freudian thought can be found in our

daily language, as well as in modem literature and in motion

pictures. Thus, an understanding of Freudian psychology

is part of a good liberal arts education; it can aid the observant

student to appreciating subtle and not-so-subtle references 【S10】______

【S1】

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更多“Many describe Freud as the most influential psychologistof all time. Yet not everyone reco”相关的问题

第1题

Many people believed that Dr. Freud found a way to ______.

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第2题

Some of the most basic concepts of psychology were defined by Sigmund Freud and two of his
followers, Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav Jung.

Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud's theory is that human behavior. is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud's theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior. structural, dynamic, and developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one's instinctual needs and drives. Freud posited that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.

The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "conscience" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.

Freud's dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior. as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud's "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one's emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform. their work and is derived from primitive biological urges, for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud's developmental concepts included identification, displacement, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. Identification labels the behavior. of an individual who imitates another person or group (movie star, gangster, etc.). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior. reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence, oral(breast-sucking babyhood ), anal(toilet-training period),phallic(3-6 years' development of sexual feelings), latency (intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期), and genital(formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉)).

Freud's two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud's theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for human behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.

Freud's concepts included______.

A.denial of instinctive behavior. in animals and humans

B.belief that religion properly molded the conscience so that the id could be controlled

C.belief that human behavior. can be explained primarily by the unconscious motives of individuals

D.belief that human behavior. is completely controlled by the "conscience" part

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第3题

听力原文:Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for

听力原文: Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child or even an animal, such as a pigeon can learn to recognize faces. We also tell people apart by how they behave, when we talk about someone's personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others. Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone's personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a "nice face" looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe a "nice person", you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth. There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. There are nearly 18, 000 English words characterizing differences in people's behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing his personality. People have always tried to describe each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the main bad character or the hero's role. In fact, the words "person" and "personality" come from the Latin persona, meaning "mask". Today most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the "good guys" from the "bad guys" because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.

(33)

A.People have different personalities.

B.People can learn to recognize faces.

C.People differ from each other in facial features.

D.People have difficulty in describing the features of fingerprints.

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第4题

听力原文:"High tech "and "state of the art" are two expressions that describe very modern

听力原文: "High tech "and "state of the art" are two expressions that describe very modern technology. High tech is just a shorter way of saying high technology. And high technology describes any invention, system or device that uses the newest ideas or discoveries of science and engineering.

What is high tech? A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech.

High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980's. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many new kinds of products in American stores, such as home computers, microwave ovens, etc.

"State of the art" is something that is as modern as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is "state of the art" means the newest possible design or product of a business or industry. A state of the art television set, for example, uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy.

"State of the art" is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years, to describe the best and most modern way of doing something.

Millions of Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970's. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were "state of the art".

Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow. The expression "state of the art" became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be "state of the art".

(30)

A.To tell what "high tech" and "state of the art" are.

B.To tell how "high tech" and "state of the art" have developed.

C.To give examples of high tech.

D.To describe the modern technology.

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第5题

听力原文:"High tech" and "state of the art" are two expressions that describe very modern

听力原文: "High tech" and "state of the art" are two expressions that describe very modern technology. High tech is just a shorter way of saying high technology. And high technology describes any invention, system or device that uses the newest ideas or discoveries of science and engineering.

What is high tech? A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech.

High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980's. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many new kinds of products in American stores, such as home computers, microwave ovens, etc.

"State of the art" is something that is as modem as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is "state of the art" means the newest possible design or product of a business or industry. A state of the art television set, for example, uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy.

"State of the art" is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years, to describe the best and most modem way of doing something.

Millions of Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970's. The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were "state of the art".

Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow. The expression "state of the art" became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be "state of the art".

(30)

A.To tell what "high tech" and "state of the art" are.

B.To tell how "high tech" and "state of the art" have developed.

C.To give examples of high tech.

D.To describe the modern technology.

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第6题

听力原文: "High tech" and "state of the art" are two expressions that describe very modern
technology. (29)High tech is just a shorter way of saying high technology. And high technology describes any invention, system or device that uses the newest ideas or discoveries of science and engineering. What is high tech? A computer is high tech. So is a communications satellite. A modern manufacturing system is surely high tech. (30)High tech became a popular expression in the United States during the early 1980's. Because of improvements in technology, people could buy many new kinds of products in American stores, such as home computers, microwave ovens, ere. "State of the art" is something that is as modern as possible. It is a product that is based on the very latest methods and technology. Something that is "state of the art" means the newest possible design or product of a business or industry. A state of the art television set, for example. uses the most modern electronic design and parts. It is the best that one can buy. "State of the art" is not a new expression. Engineers have used it for years, to describe the best and most modern way of doing something. (30) Millions of Americans began to use the expression in the late 1970's. (31)The reason was the computer revolution. Every computer company claimed that its computers were "state of the art". Computer technology changed so fast that a state of the art computer today might be old tomorrow. The expression "state of the art" became as common and popular as computers themselves. Now all kinds of products are said to be "state of the art".

(30)

A.To tell what "high tech" and "state of the art" are.

B.To tell how "high tech" and "state of the art" have developed.

C.To give examples of high tech.

D.To describe the modern technology.

点击查看答案

第7题

Where Do Dreams Come from?Do you often dream at night? Most people do. When they wake in t

Where Do Dreams Come from?

Do you often dream at night? Most people do. When they wake in the morning they say to them selves, "What a strange dream I had! I wonder what made me dream that."

Sometimes dreams are frightening. Terrible creatures threaten and pursue us. Sometimes, in dreams, wishes come tree. We can fly through the air or float from mountain-tops. At other times we are troubled by dreams in which everything is confused. We are lost and can't find our way home. The world seems to have been turned upside-down and nothing makes sense.

In dreams we act very strangely. We do, things which we would never do when we're awake. We think and say things we would never think and say. Why are dreams so strange? Where do dreams come from?

People have been trying to answer this since the beginning of time. But no one has produced a more satisfying answer than a man called Sigmund Freud. One's dream-world seems strange and unfamiliar, he said, because dreams come from a part of one's mind which one can neither recognise nor control. He named this the "unconscious mind".

Sigmund Freud was born about a hundred years ago. He lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria, but ended his days in London, soon after the beginning of the Second World War.

Freud was one of the great explorers of our time. But the new worlds he explored were inside man himself. For the unconscious mind is like a deep well, full of memories and feelings. These memories and feelings have been stored there from the moment of our birth—perhaps even before birth. Our conscious mind has forgotten them. We do not suspect that they are there until some unhappy or unusual experlence causes us to remember, or to dream dreams. Then suddenly we see a face we had forgotten long ago. We feel the same jealous fear and bitter disappointments we felt when we were little children.

This discovery of Freud's is very important ff we wish to understand why people act as they do. For the unconscious forces inside us are at least as powerful as the conscious forces we know about. Why do we choose one friend rather than another? Why does one story make us cry or laugh while another story doesn't affect us at all? Perhaps we know why. If we don't, the reasons may lie deep in our unconscious minds.

When Freud was a child he wanted to become a great soldier and win honour for his country. At that time Austria and Germany were at war with each other. His father used to take Sigmund down to the rail way station to watch the trains come in from the battle-fields. The trains were full of wounded soldiers. There were men who had lost all eye, an arm or a leg fighting in tile war. Many of the soldiers were suffering great pain.

Young Sigmund watched the wounded men as they were moved from the trains into the hay-carts that carried them to the hospital. He was very sorry for them. He pitied them so much that he said to the teacher at his school, "Let us boys make bandages for the poor soldiers as our sisters in the girls' school do."

Even then, Freud cared about the sufferings of others, so it isn't surprising that he became a doctor when he grew up. Like other doctors he learned all about the way in which the human body works. But he became more and more curious about the human mind. He went to Pads to study with a famous French doctor, Charcot. Charcot's special study was diseases of the mind and nerves.

At that time it seemed that no one knew very much about tile mind. If a person went mad, or "out of his mind" ,there was not much that could be done about it. There was little help or comfort for the madman or his family. People didn't understand at all what was happening to him. Had be been possessed by a devil or evil spirit? Was God punishing him for wrongdoing? Often such people were shut away from the company of ordinary civi

A.Y

B.N

C.NG

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第8题

Freud returned to Vienna in 188and began work as a doctor in ______.

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第9题

听力原文:The interpretation of dreams has been a favorite activity of people for as long a

听力原文: The interpretation of dreams has been a favorite activity of people for as long as we have had recorded history. Some of these dream interprets have become famous, and some, like the European psychologist Sigmund Freud, felt that all dreams have meanings which relate to our personal relationships with family members and friends.

Good dreams include those in which we see ourselves succeeding in some difficult or pleasant activity such as singing, dancing, talking with our friends, or experiencing the happiness which may not occur in our waking hours. Many persons report dreams of competing in athletic competitions or music competitions. The performance in these events can go beyond anything we might experience in reality. Who among us has not dreamed of spending pleasant hours with our real or imaginary lover, enjoying his or her company in ways known only to those who have loved? Interpreters of such dreams give varied meanings, most of which are probably not very reliable. But, we often awake from good dreams in a good mood, rested and ready to face the day.

Bad or unpleasant dreams include those which frighten us, recall unpleasant experiences from our lives, or present problems for which there is no evident solution. Dreams of failing an exam at school, dreams of losing a job or a good friend, dreams of accidents or death of a loved one in our family, etc. are unsettling and not easily understood. Some dream experts believe these dreams are now a threatening way to face a problem from real life. They give us a way to deal with the problem so that we may find it less stressful in our waking hours.

(33)

A.What they have regretted for a long time.

B.Their relationships with families and friends.

C.What they have expected too much.

D.The things they have experienced during their childhood.

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第10题

Freud returned to Vienna in 1886 and began work as a doctor in ______.

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