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The theory he advanced has proved______(对许多传统概念是一种挑战)．
答案
更多“The theory he advanced has proved______（对许多传统概念是一种挑战)．”相关的问题
第1题
A.character
B.temper
C.quality
D.personality
第2题
Questions （1）to（5） are based on the following passage:
What makes a person a scientist？ Does he have ways ---or tools ---of learning that are different from those of others？ The answer is no. It is not the tools a scientist uses but how he uses these tools that makes him a scientist. You will probably agree that knowing how to use a power saw is important to a carpenter. You will probably agree, too, that knowing how to investigate, how to discover information, is important to everyone. The scientist, however, goes one step further: he must be sure that he has a reasonable answer to his question and that his answer can be confirmed by other persons. He also works to fit the answers he gets to many questions into a large set of ideas about how the world works
The scientist’s knowledge must be exact. There is no room for half right or right just half the time. He must be as nearly right as the condition permit. What works under one set of conditions at one time mustwork under the same conditions at other times. If the conditions are different, any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions. This is one reason that investigations are important in science. Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics. The accuracy of his mathematics was latter tested through investigation. Einstein’s ideas were shown to be correct. A scientist uses many tools for measurement. Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.
（1）A sound scientific theory should be one that .
A) works under one set of conditions at one time and also works under the same conditions at other times
B) leaves no room for improvement
C) does not allow any change even under different conditions
D) can be used for many purposes
（2）What, according to the passage, makes a scientist？
A) The tools he uses.
B) His ways of learning.
C) The way he uses his tools.
D) The various tools he uses.
（3） Albert Einstein built up his theory of relativity through .
A) investigation
B) experiments
C) tests
D) mathematics
（4）“…Knowing how to investigate, how to discover information, is important to everyone.” The author says this to show .
A) the importance of information
B) the importance of thinking
C) the difference between scientists and ordinary people
D) the difference between carpenters and ordinary people
（5） What is the main idea of the passage？
A) Scientists are different from ordinary people.
B) The theory of relativity.
C) Exactness is the core of science.
D) Exactness and way of using tools are the key to the making of a scientist.
第3题
The scientist's knowledge must be exact.There is no room for half right or right just half the time.He must be as nearly right as the conditions permit.What works under one set of conditions at one time must work under the same conditions at other times.If the conditions are different,any changes the scientist observes in a demonstration must be explained by the changes in the conditions.This is one reason that investigations are important in science.Albert Einstein,who developed the theory of relativity,arrived at this theory through mathematics.The accuracy of this mathematics was later tested through investigations,Einstein's ideas were shown to be correct.A scientist uses many tools for measurements.Then the measurements are used to make mathematical calculations that may test his investigations.
1.What makes a scientist according to the passage?（）
A.The tools he uses.
B.The way he uses his tools.
C.His ways of learning.
D.The various tools he uses.
2.The underlined part in the passage shows（）.
A.the importance of information
B.the importance of thinking
C.the difference between scientists and ordinary people
D.the difference between carpenters and people with other jobs
3.A sound scientific theory should be one that （）.
A.works not only under one set of conditions at one time,but also under the same conditions at other times
B.does not allow any changes even under different conditions
C.can be used for many purposes
D.leave no room for improvement
4.The author quotes the case of Albert Einstein to illustrate（）.
A.that measurements are keys to success m science
B.that accuracy of mathematics
C.that investigations are important science
D.that the mathematical calculations may test his investigations
5.What is the main idea of the passage?（）
A.The theory of relativity.
B.Exactness is the core of science.
C.Scientists are different from ordinary people.
D.Exactness and ways of using tools are the keys to the making of a scientist.
第4题
Albert Einstein
Born in 1879, in Ulm, Germany, Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich. There his father opened a business in electrical supplies. As a boy, Einstein did not learn to talk until later than others of his age, and in his early childhood he was not considered especially bright. But by the time he was fourteen years old, he had recovered from a slow start to the extent that he had taught himself advanced mathematics from textbooks. By then he knew what he wanted to be when he grew up. He wanted to be a physicist and devote himself to research.
The Einsteins, however, could not afford to pay for the advanced education young Einstein needed. The family business had declined, and they were forced to leave Munich to live in Milan, Italy, where they had relatives. As for Albert, the family did manage to send him to a technical school in Switzerland, and later to the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.
In 1901, when Einstein was twenty-two years old, he began teaching, and in 1902 he went to work as a patent office examiner in Bern. Now able to pay his own expenses, he continued his schooling at the University of Zurich, where he received a doctor' s degree in 1905. This was the period when he first began the research which led to his famous theory of relativity.
To most people it is not easy to explain why Einstein' s theory has had such an immense effect upon the whole scientific and intellectual world. After its formation, scientists never again regarded the world as they had before. The theory set forth new and far-reaching conclusions about the nature of space, time, motion, mass, energy, and the relations governing all these. Basically the theory proposed, among other things, that the greatest speed possible is the speed of light; that the rate of a clock moving through space will decrease as its speed increases; and that energy and mass are equal and interchangeable. This latter claim, based on the formula "energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light" was later proved by atomic fission, on which the atomic bomb is based.
Toward the end of his life, when Einstein was asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said: "When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, you think it's only a minute. But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it's two hours. That is relativity."
Einstein had an effect on science and history that only a few men have ever achieved. An American university president once commented that "Einstein has created a new outlook, a new view of the universe. It may be some generations before the average mind grasps the identity of time and space, and so on—but even ordinary men understand now that the universe is something vaster than ever thought before."
By 1914 Einstein had gained world fame. He accepted the offer to become a professor at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Bedim He had few duties, little teaching, and unlimited opportunities for study. It was an ideal position, but soon his peace and quiet were broken by the First World War. Einstein hated violence. Though he was not personally involved, the war and its misery affected him deeply. He lost interest in much of his research. Only when peace finally came in 1918 was he able to get back to work.
During the years following World War [, Germany heaped honors upon Einstein. He was persuaded to become director of Theoretical Physics in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Prussia made him an honorary citizen. Potsdam built an Einstein Tower in its Astrophysical Institute. Berlin held public celebration on his fiftieth birthday. Being a shy man, Einstein did not attend, but he received several baskets full of cards, letters, and telegrams expressing admiration and b
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第5题
W: Because they have to, legally I mean.
M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so we usually don't question it. But when the reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior. could have negative consequences we'll more likely to feel a need to explain the causes of the behavior. Social psychologists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the causes of the behavior, it's called "causal attribution". And one theory suggests, there's a pattern in the way we go about attributing causes to people's behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of reasons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you're driving down the road and all of a sudden some guy turns into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brakes to avoid an accident. How do you react？
W: I'll probably get very angry.
M: Because...
W: Well, he's not paying attention, he's a bad driver.
M: So you automatically attribute the driver's behavior. to an internal factor. He himself is to blame because he is careless.
W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something, I'd be attributing his behavior. to an external factor, something beyond his control.
M: Good. Now how do we usually explain our own negative behavior？
W: We blame external factors.
M: That's right.
(23)
A．Common causes of anger.
B．Judging people's behavior.
C．Changing people's attitudes.
D．The effects of negative behavior.
第6题
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
The oldest and simplest method, then of describing differences in personality was to classify people according to types, and such a system is called a Typology. A famous example of this method was set forth in Greece about the year 400 BC.A physician named Hippocrates theorized that there were four fluids, or humors, in the body. Corresponding to each humor, he believed, there existed a definite type of personality.
The four humors were blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. A person in whom all four humors were in perfect balance had a harmonious personality. If a person had too much blood, he was called sanguine(血红色), or cheerful and optimistic. Someone with too much yellow bile was choleric, or irritable and easily angered. Too much black bile made a person melancholy, or depressed and pessimistic. An oversupply of phlegm caused a human being to be phlegmatic, or slow and unfeeling. Scientists have long since discarded Hippocrates’ fluid theory. But the names of the humors, corresponding to these temperaments, have survived and are still useful, to some extent, in describing personality.
Other features of people, such as their faces and physics, have also been used to classify personality. Today, however, personality theories and classifications may also include factors such as heredity(遗传特征), the environment, intelligence , and emotional needs. Psychology, biology, and sociology are involved in these theories. Because of the complexity of human personality, present day theories are often very different from one another. Psychologists vary in their ideas about what is most important in determining personality.
36.According to Hippocrates’ fluid theory, a man with too much phlegm will be ____.
A.optimistic B.easily angered C.unexcitable D.pessimistic
37.The main idea of this passage is about ____.
A.the complicated factors in determining one’s personality
B.Hippocrates’ fluid theory and its development
C.the past and today of personality classifications and theories
D.different personalities and their details
38.At present, psychologists ____.
A.have common opinion about personality theories and classifications
B.use biology, archaeology and sociology to study personality theories
C.have abandoned Hippocrates’ fluid theory entirely
D.all agree that human beings are characterized with complex personalities
39.The third paragraph mainly talks about ____.
A.Hippocrates’ fluid theory
B.scientists’ points of view on Hippocrutes’ fluid theory
C.Hippocrates’ fluid theory and its fate
D.defects in Hippocrates’ fluid theory
40.According to this passage the factors which are still NOT used to clas sify personality are ____.
A.one’s born features and needs of love and success
B.one’s height and weight
C.one’s hobbies and ideals
D.the environment and intelligence
第7题
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist and biologist. As a boy, Darwin cllected anything that caught his interest insects, coins and interesting stones. Darwin was not very clever, but he was good at doing the things that interested him.
His father was a doctor, so Darwin was sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, and was planned to follow a medical career. But Charles found the lectures were very boring. Then his father sent him to Cambridge University to study to be a priest. While at Cambridge, Darwin' s interest in zoology and geography grew. Later he got a letter from Robert FitzRoy who was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship, the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwin was recommendeD.That voyage was the start of Darwin' s great life.
As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He began to observe everything. After he went back home, he set to work, getting his collections in order.
His first great work The Zoology of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.
Hapily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded Darwin that he must make his ideas publiC.So Darwin and Wallace, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, produced a paper together.
A year later Darwin's great book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeareD.It ttracted a storm. People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys. What a shameful idea!
Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honors for his work.
Afterwards, he published another great work, The Descent of Man. His health grew worse, but he still workeD."When I have to give up observation, I shall die," he saiD.He was still working on 17 April, 1882. He was dead two days later.
Darwin' s theory of evolution is that all life is related and has originated from the common ancestor. Birds and bananas, fish and flowers - all is relateD.Darwin' s general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic "descent with modification" . That is, complex creatures evolve from simple ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organism' s genetic code, the beneficial changes are passed on to the next generation. Over time, these changes accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism.
Ancient Greek philosophers such as Anaximander postulated the development of life from non-life and the evolutionary descent of man from animals. Charles Darwin simply brought something new to the old philosophy -a plausible mechanism clled "natural election. Suppose a member developed a functional advantage (it grew wings and learmned to fly), its ofpring would inherit that advantage and pass it on to their offspring. The inferior members of the same species would gradually die out, leaving only the superior members of the species.
Natural selection is the reservation of a functional advantage that enables a species to compete better in the world.
Charles Darwin' s theory has made an enormous impact on the worlD.It has aroused controversy, while at the same time creating a new form. of scientific thought. The greatest controversy involves Darwinism' s clashing views with creationism. Creationism is the broad range of beliet involving God' s intervention, which also explains the origin of the universe, life, and different kinds of plants and animals on earth.
Darwin' s theory also has great influence on modern science. His theory of evolution by natural selection has provided us with a possible answer to where we came from. It gives new meanings to professions such as anthropology and genetics.
46. Which of the following is NOT true about young Darwin？
A.His father wanted him to work at church.
B.He was sent to Cambridge to study zoology.
C.He liked to cllect interesting things.
D.Darwin was not very clever when he was young.
47. Darwin' s father sent him to Edinburgh to.
A.make him like natural history
B.have him give up his cllctin
C.let him change his hobbies
D.make him become a doctor
48. According to the passage, Charles Darwin' s whole life was changed by_
A.his study at Cambridge University
B.his cllection of coins
C.the ntulits at Cambridge
D.the voyage of the Beagle
49.What happened when Darwin published his first great work The Zoology of the Beagle？
A.He wrote a research paper on the origin of lite and published at once.
B.He received criticism from the naturalists at Cambridge.
C.He hesitated and did not show his opinions to the public immediately.
D The naturalists at Cambridge persuaded him to comprise with the church.
50. Why did Darwin never receive an honor？
A.Because the Church held strong disagreement with him.
B.Because his achievements are not significant enough.
C.Because the goverment didn' t like his opinions.
D.Because he would not accept any honors for his work.
第8题
【24】______, laterborns are up to 15 times more likely than firstborns to【25】______authority and break new【26】______, says Frank J. Sulloway, a researcher scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
In his book"Born To Rebel"being【27】______this week, Sulloway claims that【28】______someone is an older or younger sibling is the most important【29】______shaping personality - more significant than gender, race, nationality【30】______class.
He spent 26 years【31】______the lives - and birth orders - of 6, 566 historical【32】______to reach his conclusions.
A laterborn himself, Sulloway first【33】______how birth order affected personality【34】______a scholar of Darwin at Harvard University.
" How could a somewhat【35】______student at Cambridge become the most【36】______thinker in the 19th century？" he said.
Darwin, the first to【37】______the belief that God created the world with his theory of evolution, was the fifth of six children. Most of his【38】______were firstborns.
Sulloway's theory held【39】______with Copernicus, the first astronomer to【40】______that the Sun was the center of the universe, and computer revolutionary Gates of Microsoft.
【21】
A．Likewise
B．Likely
C．Alike
D．Unlike
第9题
W: Because they have to, legally I mean.
M: Exactly! In this case the reason is obvious, so usually we don't question it. But when the reason is not so obvious and especially when the behavior. could have negative consequences, we'll more likely to feel a need to explain the causes of the behavior. Social psychologists have a term for this, for the process of explaining the causes of the behavior, it's called "causal attribution". And one theory suggests, there's a pattern in the way we go about attributing causes to people's behavior. According to this theory, there are two categories of reasons: internal factors and external factors. Again, Lisa, say you're driving down the road and all of a sudden some guy turns into the lane right in front of you, and you have to slam on your brakes to avoid an accident. How do you react？
W: I'll probably get very angry.
M: Because...
W: Well, he's not paying attention, he's a bad driver.
M: So you automatically attribute, the driver's behavior. to an internal factor. He himself is to blame because he is careless.
W: So if I said it was because of heavy traffic or something, I'd be attributing his behavior. to an external factor, something beyond his control.
M: Good. Now how do we usually explain our own negative behavior？
W: We blame external factors.
M: That's right.
(23)
A．Common causes of anger.
B．Judging people's behavior.
C．Changing people's attitudes.
D．The effects of negative behavior.
第10题
We are born liking sweet tastes and disliking bitter ones.【C6】______ we learn other fondnesses and aversions. Psychologist Paul of the University of Pennsylvania assumed that we【C7】______ these things from our parents. But when he 【C8】______ the first survey on food preferences within families, he was【C9】______ to find he was wrong. Parents were proved to have no【C10】______ effect on their children's likes and dislikes or desire to try new foods.【C11】______ he concluded that cultural background is the single most powerful influence on our tastes because it 【C12】______ us to certain combinations of foods and flavors. Americans are familiar with salmon poached or broiled and【C13】______ with lemon, while the Japanese eat it raw and garnished with ginger.
But in a recent interview, Paul was quick to point to the 【C14】______ in his theory: "There's a lot of【C15】______ in tastes within nationalities." To be sure, not all Japanese like【C16】______ salmon, and many Americans have 【C17】______ their cultural bias against raw fish and now enjoy it. Individual food【C18】______ , Paul believes, "are【C19】______ .If you get sick on something once, you're not【C20】______ to eat it again."
【C1】
A．while
B．and
C．or
D．when
