Some theorists view children as passive receivers of experience; others consider them【C1】_

_____ .in organizing, structuring, and in some 【C2】______ , creating their worlds. A scientist who considers children to be passive does not think they are unresponsive, just that they enter the world ready to absorb 【C3】______ knowledge is provided by the environment. According to this view, children are 【C4】______ by stimuli in the external environment and driven by 【C5】______ needs over which they have little control. Theorists and educators who view the child as 【C6】______ passive often 【C7】______ direct and carefully structured teaching methods. For example, some methods for teaching children to play the piano contain a 【C8】______ of specific steps, chords, and tunes to be learned in a 【C9】______ order. The child must master each step 【C10】______ proceeding to the next one.

【C11】______ , an educator who believes that children are active assumes that they learn best when they 【C12】______ and select their own learning materials and tasks. When teaching a child to play the piano, such an instructor might 【C13】______ the child to make up tunes or to select among different exercises. Human beings are 【C14】______ to have an inborn tendency to be curious, to explore their environment, and to organize the 【C15】______ experience in their own mental frameworks. Efforts to program learning too【C16】______ are likely to fail because they may not 【C17】______ to the child' s interest. Instead, a relatively 【C18】______ situation that offers opportunities for varied stimulation and exploration is optimal. What the child does and learns, then, 【C19】______ mainly on interest that comes from【C20】______ and on his or her level of understanding.

【C1】

A．passive

B．active

C．communicative

D．helpful