In African American English, dental fricatives, that is, /θ/ and /ð/ are often pronoun

The AIDS epidemic is worse in American cities than in African cities.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

The reason why some African American are more salt-sensitive is that _________

A. their kidney handle sodium in a different way

B. they are exposed to sodium more often

C. they eat much bread

D. they are inclined to gain weight

The reason why some African American are more salt-sensitive is that _________

A.their kidney handle sodium in a different way

B.they are exposed to sodium more often

C.they eat much bread

D.they are inclined to gain weight

as to ______.

A．gain more experience of independent study

B．acquire more knowledge of the host country

C．be better prepared for their future career

D．contribute to the American economy soon

听音频，回答题

Jazz captures the essence of America， for in jazz all of the American characteristics come together. The solos are a（26）ofindividual brilliance that can"t take place without these group efforts of the rhythm section. Beyond that， jazz has a connection to theessence of America in a much more（27）way. It is an expression of the African roots of American culture and a musicalmedium that（28）the culture of the Africans whose culture came to（29）much of what is American.

Jazz brought together elements from Africa and Europe，（30）them into a new culture and an expression unique to theAmericans. Out of this fusion came an idea that Americans believe it"s central to their identity: tolerance. Americans（31）that cultural diversity is their strength. They learn every day that other cultures and peoples may make valuable contributions to their wayof life. Jazz music is the embodiment of these ideals， combining elements from African and European cultures into a（32）American music. Jazz reflects two contradictory facets of American life. On the one hand， it is a team effort， where every musicianis completely（33）what the group does together， listening to each of the other players and building on their contributions tocreate a musical whole. On the other hand， the band features a soloist who is an individual（34）， a genius like Charlie Parkerwho explores musical（35）whers no one has ever gone before. In the same sense， American life is also a combination ofteamwork and individualism and a combination of individual brilliance with the ability to work with others.

第（26）题__________

查看材料

urope？

A．They are not welcome in traditional European study sites there.

B．They are worse treated there as minorities than in America.

C．They are not entitled to as much scholarship there as elsewhere.

D．They are unable to afford their education in European universities.

Which of the following does the author seem to prefer？

A．That the earth behaves as a liquid result in many great oceans.

B．The temperature of the sinking plate is lower than its surrounding.

C．The traditional view of the origin of the ocean basin is thoroughly wrong.

D．Neither the African nor the American plate moves according to the alternative theory.

Questionsare based on the following passage．

One hundred years ago， "Colored" was the typical way of referring to Americans of African descent．Twenty years later， it was purposefully dropped to make way for "Negro．" By the late 1960s，that term was overtaken by "Black．" And then， at a press conference in Chicago in 1988， Jesse Jackson declared that "African American" was the term to embrace．This one was chosen because it echoed the labels of groups， such as "Italian Americans" and "Irish Americans，" that had already been

freed of widespread discrimination．

A century"s worth of calculated name changes point to the fact that naming any group is a politically freighted exercise．A 2001 study cataloged all the ways in which the term "Black" carried connotations （涵义） that were more negative than those of "African American．"

But if it was known that "Black" people were viewed differently from "African Americans，"researchers， until now， hadn"t identified what that gap in perception was derived from．A recent study， conducted by Emory University"s Erika Hall， found that "Black" people are viewed more negatively．than "African Americans" because of a perceived difference in socioeconomic status．As a result，"Black" people are thought of as less competent and as having colder personalities．

The study"s most striking findings shed light on the racial biases permeating the professional world．Even seemingly harmless details on a resume， it appears， can tap into recruiters" biases．A job application might mention affiliations with groups such as the "Wisconsin Association of African-American Lawyers" or the "National Black Employees Association，" the names of which apparently have consequences， and are also beyond their members" control．

In one of the study"s experiments， subjects were given a brief description of a man from Chicago with the last name Williams．To one group， he was identified as "African-American，" and another was told he was "Black．" With little else to go on， they were asked to estimate Mr．Williams"s salary，professional standing， and educational background．

The "African-American" group estimated that he earned about $ 37，000 a year and had a two-year college degree．The "Black" group， on the other hand， put his salary at about $ 29，000， and guessed that he had only "some" college experience．Nearly three-quarters of the first group guessed that Mr．Williams worked at a managerial level， while only 38．5 percent of the second group thought so．

Hall"s findings suggest there"s an argument to be made for electing to use "African American，"though one can"t help but get the sense that it"s a decision that papers over the urgency of continued progress．Perhaps a new phrase is needed， one that can bring everyone one big step closer to realizing Du Bois"s original， idealistic hope: "It"s not the name-it"s the Thing that counts．"

Why did Jesse Jackson embrace the term "African American" for people of African descent？ 查看材料

A.It is free from racial biases．

B.It represents social progress．

C.It is in the interest of common Americans．

D.It follows the standard naming practice．

听力原文： Ask the average American,"What is freedom？"You will probably hear,"It's being able to do what I want to do." When Americans think of freedom, they often think of individualism.They see themselves more as individuals than as members of a family or social group.

In American culture.freedom means equality.The Declaration of Independence states that"all men are created equal."That does not mean equal in abilities or status.For Americans,equality refers to equal worth and equal opportunity. Every individual should have an equal chance to improve his life.True,America has not always lived up to that ideal.For many years,Native Americans,African Americans and immigrants have protested their unequal treatment. But American culture still teaches that people can work hard and fulfill their dreams.Whether this idea is true or not,people hear rags-to-riches stories often enough to confirm it in the minds of many people.

Freedom arouses strong feelings for Americans.The idea of liberty binds people together in this"land of the free." However,problems still exist.One individual's freedom can conflict with the rights of others. Someone once said,"You have the freedom to swing your fist around if you want.But your freedom ends where my nose begins."People can also become too concerned about their own rights.They might demand special treatment.However,the path to freedom is not completely smooth.Even so,for Americans,no other road is really worth traveling.

What do Americans often think of when thinking of freedom？

A．Collectivism.

B．Equality.

C．Social group.

D．Individualism.

Harlem Renaissance(文艺复兴)—A Brief Introduction

Important Features

1. Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the middle of the 1930s Depression, during which a group of talented African - American writers produced a sizable body of literature in the four prominent genres of poetry, fiction, drama, and essay.

2. The notion of "twoness" , a divided awareness of one's identity, was introduced by W. E.B. Du Bois, one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the author of the influential book The Souls of Black Folks (1903): "One ever feels his twoness—an American, a Negro; two souls two thoughts, two unreconciled stirrings: two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder."

3. Common themes: alienation, marginality, the use of folk material, the use of the blues tradition, the problems of writing for an elite audience.

4. HR was more than just a literary movement: it included racial consciousness, "the back to Africa" movement led by Marcus Garvey, racial integration, the explosion of music particularly jazz, spirituals and blues, painting, dramatic revues, and others.

A Chronology of Important Events and Publications

1919

- 369th Regiment marched up Fifth Avenue to Harlem, February 17.

- First Pan-African Congress organized by W. E. B. Du Bois, Paris, February.

- Race riots in Washington, D.C., Chicago, Charleston, Knoxville, Omaha, and elsewhere, June to September.

- Race Relations Commission founded, September.

- Benjamin Brawley published The Negro in Literature and Art in the United States.

1920

- Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Convention held at Madison Square Garden, August.

- Charles Gilpin starred in Eugene O'Neill, The Emperor Jones, November.

- James Weldon Johnson, first black officer (secretary) of NAACP appointed.

- Claude McKay published Spring in New Hampshire.

- Du Bois's Darkwater is published.

1921

- Marcus Garvey founded African Orthodox Church, September.

- Second Pan-African Congress.

- Colored Players Guild of New York founded.

- Benjamin Brawley published Social History of the American Negro.

1922

- First Anti -Lynching legislation approved by House of Representatives.

- Publications of The Book of American Negro Poetry edited by James Weldon Johnson; Claude McKay, Harlem

Shadows.

1923

- Claude McKay spoke at the Fourth Congress of the Third International in Moscow, June,

- Marcus Garvey arrested for mail fraud and sentenced to five years in prison.

- Third Pan-African Congress.

1924

- Civic Club Dinner, bringing black writers and white publishers together, March 21. This event is considered the for- real launching of the New Negro movement.

1925

- American Negro Labor Congress held in Chicago, October.

1927

- Marcus Garvey deported.

- Louis Armstrong in Chicago and Duke Ellington in New York began their careers.

- Publications of Hughes, Fine Clothes to the Jew.

1928

- Publications of Wallace Thurman, Harlem: A Forum of Negro Life; Du Bois, The Dark Princess.

1929

- Negro Experimental Theatre founded, February; Negro Art Theatre founded, June.

- Wallace Thurman's play Harlem, opens at the Apollo Theater on Broadway and becomes hugely successful.

- Black Thursday,

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

hopping is very much a part of a country's culture, and attitudes to shopping and consumers vary from country to country just as much as climate or taste in food. From the air-conditioned order of American malls to the anarchy(混乱,无秩序) of African bazaars(集市), the way we shop shows the way we see ourselves and our relationships with other people.

Recent economic hardship has given the consumer increased power in Europe as retailers(零售商) fight to win their share of reduced disposable(可任意使用的)income. This has meant falling prices, plenty of special offers and a re-examination of what customer service really means. People often point to America as an example of sophisticated customer service. In restaurants in the south of the USA, for example, waiters compliment(称赞) you on your clothes, ask about your day, compliment you on the wisdom of your order and then return every ten minutes to refill your glass and make sure that everything is to your satisfaction.

Anyone who has waited 30 minutes to be served in a restaurant might well dream of such attention, but do Europeans really want US style. service？ As a friend of mine once told me, "By the end of the evening I had spent as much time talking to the waiter as to my wife. It is a question of expectations. Different nationalities expect different types of service.

Attitudes to service are, of course, affected by employers attitudes to their workers. As American sales and service personnel are heavily reliant(依赖) on commission and tips, they have more incentive(动机) to provide more service. But is this fair？ Do we think it is fair to ask shop assistants to work late evenings, Sundays and lg hour shifts？ Does it fit in with our picture of society？ It might not be a case of "Is the customer always right？" but a case of "How much service is it fair to expect？"

The Europeans have to reexamine what customer service means because______.

A．retailers are under increasing pressure to improve their service and cater more for consumer demands

B．America has been set as an example of good customer service

C．they are aware that attitudes to shopping and consumers may vary in different countries

D．consumers income has been reduced