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[主观题]

For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science fo

r the construction of what we call modem civilization. Every dispensable item of contemporary technology, from canal locks to dial telephones to penicillin, was pieced together from the analysis of data provided by one or another series of scientific experiments. Three hundred years seems a long time for testing a new approach to human interliving, long enough to settle back for critical appraisal of the scientific method, maybe even long enough to vote on whether to go on with it or not. There is an argument.

Voices have been raised in protest since the beginning, rising in pitch and violence in the nineteenth century during the early stages of the industrial revolution, summoning urgent crowds into the streets any day these days on the issue of nuclear energy. Give it back, say some of the voices, it doesn' t really work, we' ve tried it and it doesn' t work, go back three hundred years and start again on something else less chancy for the race of man.

The principle discoveries in this century, taking all in all, are the glimpses of the depth of our ignorance about nature. Things that used to seem clear and rational, matters of absolute certainty - Newtonian mechanics, for example - have slipped through our fingers, and we are left with a new set of gigantic puzzles, cosmic uncertainties, ambiguities; some of the laws of physics are amended every few years, some are canceled outright, some undergo revised versions of legislative intent as if they were acts of Congress.

Just thirty years ago we call it a biological revolution when the fantastic geometry of the DNA molecule was exposed to public view and the linear language of genetics was decoded. For a while, things seemed simple and clear, the cell was a neat little machine, a mechanical device ready for taking to pieces and reassembling, like a tiny watch. But just in the last few years it has become almost unbelievably complex, filled with strange parts whose functions are beyond today' s imagining.

It is not just that there is more to do, there is everything to do. What lies ahead, or what can lie ahead if the efforts in basic research are continued, is much more than the conquest of human disease or the improvement of agricultural technology or the cultivation of nutrients in the sea. As we learn more about fundamental processes of living things in general we will learn more about ourselves.

What can' t be inferred from the 1 st paragraph？

A．Scientific experiments in the past three hundred years have produced many valuable items.

B．For three hundred years there have been people holding hostile attitude toward science.

C．Modern civilization depends on science so man supports scientific progress unanimously.

D．Three hundred years is not long enough to settle back critical appraisal of scientific method.

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发布时间：2020-12-24
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更多“For about three centuries we have been doing science, trying science out, using science fo”相关的问题

第1题

Passage Two:Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.A breakthrough （突破) in

Passage Two:Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.A breakthrough (突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.

The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community’s solar energy programme, Mr. Joachim Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three per cent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year 2000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present＜ sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.

Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three per cent of the EEC’s needs, this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community’s future energy needs.

At present the EEC spends about $2.6 millions a year on solar research at Ispra, one of the EEC’s official joint research centres, and another $3 millions a year in indirect research with universities and other independent bodies.

第26题：The phrase “be brought forward” (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably means ________.

A) be expected

B) be completed

C) be advanced

D) be introduced

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第2题

About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend primary sch
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第3题

About ______ per cent of children with two right-handed parents will be left-handed.

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第4题

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Video recorders and photocopiers, e
ven ticket machines on the railways, often seem unnecessarily difficult to use. Last December I bought myself a Video cassette recorder (VCR) described as “simple to use”. In the first three weeks I failed repeatedly to program the machine to record from the TV, and after months of practice I still made mistakes. I am not alone. According to a survey last year by Ferguson, the British manufacturer, more than one in four VCR owners never use the timer on their machines to record a programme: they don’t use it because they’ve found it far too hard to operate.

So why do manufacturers keep on designing and producing VCRS that are awkward to use if the problems are so obvious？

First, the problems we notice are not obvious to technically minded designers with years of experience and trained to understand how appliances work. Secondly, designers tend to add one or two features at a time to each model, whereas you or I face all a machine’s features at once. Thirdly, although find problems in a finished product is easily, it is too late by then to do anything about the design. Finally, if manufacturers can get away with selling products that are difficult to use it, it is not worth the effort of any one of them to make improvements.

Some manufacturers say they concentrate on providing a wide range of features rather than on making the machines easy to use. But that gives rise to the question, “why can’t you have features that are easy to use？” The answer is you can.

Good design practice is a mixture of specific procedures and general principles. For a start, designers should build an original model of the machine and try it out on typical members of the public-not on colleagues in the development laboratory. Simple pubic trials would quickly reveal many design mistakes. In an ideal world, there would be some ways of controlling quality such as that the VCR must be redesigned repeatedly until, say, 90 percent of users can work 90 per cent of the features correctly 90 per cent of the time.

第36题：The author had trouble operating his VCR because ________.

A) he had neglected the importance of using the timer

B) the machine had far more technical features than necessary

C) he had set about using it without proper training

D) its operation was far more difficult than the designer intended it to be

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第5题

Fifty-five per cent of the respondents said that praise and attention from their superv
isor would make them feel ______ the company cared about them and their well-being.

A、like

B、as if

C、even if

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第6题

School authorities often refuse to face the problem; government drug abuse agencies have d
one all too little to inform. the public about it; many physicians still seem unaware of it when they examine teenagers. As a result, parents may still be the last to know that their children have fallen victim to the drug epidemic that has been raging for more than a decade among American's youth. In a 1980 survey of a middle income Cincinnati suburb, 38 per cent of the sixth grade and 89 per cent of the senior class said they used drugs and/or alcohol; 48 per cent of the parents thought their children used alcohol, but only 8 per cent thought their children used drugs.

Fortunately, there is a new force at work against this epidemic — a nationwide movement of more than 400 parent groups formed to expose and battle drug use among teenagers and preteens. The groups, ranging in size from 15 members to more than 800, have different approaches and widely varying rates of success. Yet this parental crusade is the only major force in the country to have taken active, organized and effective steps aimed at stopping marijuana use.

Why the concentration on marijuana？ Because it is the illegal drug most used by kids. According to the 1982 National High School Senior Survey, 44 per cent of U.S. high school seniors had smoked pot during the year, and one out of seven of these were daily or near daily smokers.

Moreover, in 1982, sociologists, Richard Clayton and Harwin Voss, reported a close related connection between pot smoking and subsequent use of cocaine and heroin by young men. Of those who had smoked pot fewer than 100 times, seven per cent had graduated to cocaine, four per cent to heroin. But of those who had smoked pot at least 1,000 times, the equivalent of once a day for those years, 73 per cent had gone on to cocaine, and one out of three had graduated to heroin. (Although heroin use among high school seniors is minimal— 0.6 per cent in the past year — multi drug use is "in.")

Parent groups have found that by stopping their kids from smoking pot, they almost automatically stop all other illegal drugs and cut down on alcohol use as well. The High School Senior Survey's statistics show that heavy pot smokers tend to be heavy drinkers, while those who do not use pot tend not to drink heavily.

Since virtually all over the country teenager "partying" has come to mean "getting smashed and getting stoned" — on anything from pot to pills, hashish, ISD, angel dust and alcohol — some parent groups home in on the partying aspect. Parents Who Care (PWC) was started in November 1979 by 15 Palo Alto, Calif. parents who were upset by stories of drugs senior proms. They held talk sessions with their children and learned, as founder Joann Lundgren observed, that most of them had never been to a party where the main activity was not getting high.

The parents' solution: workshops showing kids how to give successful drug and alcohol free parties. Says Margery Ranch, PWC director: "We've seen a change in attitude. Young people are feeling more comfortable saying no."

What does "the problem" in the first line refer to？

A．The fact that government drug abuse organizations are reluctant to inform. the public of the drug taking phenomenon among teenagers.

B．The fact that many doctors are ignorant of the drug taking phenomenon among teenagers.

C．The fact that many parents are ignorant of the drug taking phenomenon among their children.

D．The fact that many young people have yielded to the wide use of drugs.

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第7题

Which of the following statements about the standard 90 db is NOT true？A．It suits everyone

Which of the following statements about the standard 90 db is NOT true？

A．It suits everyone.

B．It can protect only 90 per cent of the working force.

C．It requires 16 quiet hours of rest each day for the ears to recover.

D．It can hardly be applied in reality.

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第8题

听力原文：Men said they spent 13 hours a week on household duty including cleaning the wash

听力原文： Men said they spent 13 hours a week on household duty including cleaning the washroom，taking out the rubbish and changing the bed sheets．But 60 per cent of the 1000 men questioned said their efforts were

unnoticed by the woman in their lives because they did not like to make a fuss. Almost half said they felt women were more likely to show off about the amount of housework they take on.The task most men said they did was taking out the rubbish--with 85 per cent claiming credit. Carrying the shopping bags was the second most popular housework among men,with 80 per cent saying they take the weight off their wife's shoulders.Food shopping came in third place--with 78 per cent saying they are responsible for restocking the fridge each week. The research by Dove,the beauty brand,found men spend 4.7 hours a week on housework as well as 1.5 hours on DIY and 6.9 hours on childcare.Paul Connell.brand manager of Dove Men Care. said that their research showed that modem men were becoming more vocal about the contribution they make in the home,and the popular stereotype of men doing nothing around the house is no longer accurate.

What do we learn about the 60 per cent of men who were questioned？

A．They didn't like to do housework.

B．Their efforts were unnoticed by the woman.

C．They were very tired after a whole day's work.

D．They wanted to share the housework with women.

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第9题

Using Land WiselyA very important world problem—in fact, I am inclined to say it is the mo

Using Land Wisely

A very important world problem—in fact, I am inclined to say it is the most important of all the great world problems which face US al the present time—is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources.

It is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase which is important, It works out to be about 1.6 per cent per annual net increase. In terms of numbers this means something like forty to forty-five million additional people every year. Canada has a population of twenty million-rather less than six months' climb in world population. Take Australia. There are ten million people in Australia. So, it takes the world less than three months to add to itself a population. Let the US take our own crowded country—England and Wales: forty-five to fifty million people—just about a year's supply.

By this time tomorrow, and every day, there will be added to the earth about 120,000 extra people just about the population of the city of York.

I am not talking about birth rate. This is net increase. To give you some idea of birth rate, look at the second hand of your watch. Every second three babies are born somewhere in the world. Another baby! Another baby! Another baby! You cannot speak quickly enough to keep pace with the birth rate.

This enormous increase of population will create immense problems. By A.D. 2000, unless something desperate happens, there will be as many as 7,000,000,000 people on the surface of this earth! So this is a problem which you are going to see in your lifetime.

Why is this enormous increase in population taking place？ It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and the practice of what is coming to be called Death Control. You have heard of Birth Control？ Death Control is something rather different. Death Control recognizes the work of the doctors and the nurses and the hospitals and the health services in keeping alive people who, a few years ago, would have died of some of the incredibly serious killing diseases, as they used to be. Squalid conditions, which we can remedy by an improved standard of living, caused a lot of disease and dirt. Medical examinations at school catch diseases early and ensure healthier school children. Scientists are at work stamping out malaria and other more deadly diseases. If you are seriously ill there is an ambulance to take you to a modem hospital. Medical care helps to keep people alive longer. We used to think seventy was a good age; now eighty, ninety, it may be, are coming to be recognized as a normal age for human beings. People are living longer because of this Death Control, and fewer children are dying, so the population of the world is shooting up.

Imagine the position if you and I and everyone else living on earth shared the surface between us. How much should we have each？ It would be just over twelve acres—the sort of size of a small holding. But not all that is useful land which is going to produce food. We can cut out one-fifth of it, for example, as being too cold. That is land which is covered with ice and snow—Antarctica and Greenland and the great frozen areas of northern Canada. Then we can cut out another fifth as being too dry—the great deserts of the world like the Sahara and the heart of Australia and other areas where there is no known water supply to feed crops and so to produce food. Then we can cut out another fifth as being too mountainous or with too great an elevation above sea level. Then we can cut out another tenth as land which has insufficient soil, probably just rock at the surface. Now, out of the twelve acres only about four are left as suitable for producing food. But not all that is used. It includes land with enough soil and enough rainfall or water, and enough heat which, at present, we are not using, such as, for example, the great Amazon forests and the C

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第10题

A．It lasted for about two months.B．It lasted for about three months.C．It lasted for ab

A．It lasted for about two months.

B．It lasted for about three months.

C．It lasted for about four months.

D．It lasted for about five months.

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第11题

Silence is unnatural to man. He begins life with a cry and ends it in still ness. In the i
nterval he does all he can to make a noise in the world, and there are few things of which he stands in more fear than of the absence of noise. Even his conversation is in great measure a desperate attempt to pre vent a dreadful silence. If he is introduced to a fellow mortal, and a number of pauses occur in the conversation, he regards himself as a failure, a worth less person, and is full of envy of the emptiest-headed chatterbox. He knows that ninety-nine per cent of human conversation means no more than the buzzing of a fly, but he longs to join in the buzz and to prove that he is a man and not a waxwork figure. The object of conversation is not, for the most part; to communicate ideas: it is to keep up the buzzing sound. There are, it must be admitted, different qualities of buzz: there is even a buzz that is as exasperating as the continuous ping of a mosquito. But at a dinner-party one would rather be a mosquito than a mute. Most buzzing, fortunately, is agreeable to the ear, and some of it is agreeable even to the mind. He would be a foolish man, however, who waited until he had a wise thought to take part in the buzzing with his neighbours. Those who despise the weather as a conversational opening seem to me to be ignorant of the reason why human beings wish to talk. Very few human beings join in a conversation in the hope of learning anything new. Some of them are content if they are merely allowed to go on making a noise into other people's ears. They have nothing to tell them except that they have seen two or three new plays or that they had bad food in a Swiss hotel. At the end of an evening during which they have said nothing at immense length, they just plume on themselves their success as conversationists. I have heard a young man holding up the monologue of a prince among modern wits for half an hour in order to tell us absolutely nothing about himself with opulent long-windedness. None of us except the young man himself liked it, but he looked as happy as if he had a crown on his head.

According to the author, conversation is by and large a grim effort to ______.

A．prevent men thinking they are failures

B．eradicate man's fear of silence

C．avoid silence

D．make a man feel he has value in other's eyes

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