Questions are based on the following passage．Knowing that you are paid less than your peeQuestions are based on the following passage．Knowing that you are paid less than your peers has two effects on happiness．One is negative: athinner pay packet hurts self-esteem （自尊）．The other is called the "tunnel" effect: the income gap isseen as improving your own chances of similar riches．A paper co-authored by Felix FitzRoy of the University of St．Andrews separates the two effectsusing data from household surveys in Germany．Previous work showed that the income of others canhave a small， or even positive， overall effect on employees" satisfaction in individual finns in Denmarkor in very dynamic economies， such as Eastern Europe．But Mr．FitzRoy"s tean~ proposed that olderworkers， who largely know their lifetime incomes already， will enjoy a much smaller tunnel effect．Thenegative effect on reported levels of happiness of being paid less than your peers is not visible for peopleaged under 45．In western Germany， seeing peers" incomes rising actually makes young people happier．It is only those people over 45， when careers have "reached a stable position"， whose happiness is harmed by the success of others．The prospect of more than 20 years of hard work might make retirement seem more attractive．Those with jobs are no happier after they retire， however， perhaps because their lives already agree with social expectations．Unemployment is known to damage happiness because not working falls shortof social expectations．Pensions or increased leisure time cannot make up for the loss of social acceptance．Unemployed people are dissatisfied with their life not only because they have lowerincomes， but also because they may get low and negative recognition from others．Indeed， retiring early from work can have side-effects．Another paper， co-authored by AndreasKuhn of the University of Zurich， investigates the effect of a change in Austrian employment-insurancerules that allow blue-collar workers earlier retirement in some regions than others．Men retiring a yearearly lower their chance of surviving to age 67 by 13%．Almost a third of this higher death rate seemedto be concentrated among those who were forced into early retirement by job loss．The death wascaused by smoking and alcohol consumption．If you"re in a job， even when you are paid less， hang on in there．One of the effects of lower pay than your peers‘ is that（）．