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[主观题]

Market prices may move up or down （or remain the same)in response to a host of factors cau

Market prices may move up or down (or remain the same)in response to a host of factors causing shifts in supply (the whole supply curve) or demand (the whole demand curve) or both together.

Bad weather makes prices go up--not just the prices of agricultural products, but of a great many other goods ranging from steel to nightgowns--because of interruptions in production, breakdowns in transportation, power failures, etc.

Changes in technology cause shifts in supply curves; a more efficient way of making transistors bring down the prices of calculators, computers, radios, television sets, record players, recorders. Increases in the scale of production, as we have seen, often bring down certain production prices.

Shrinking. oil and mineral reserves contract supply, and prices move up. "Diseconomies" resulting from shrinking scales of production, as when the market for handmade pocket books, horse-drawn carriage, grandfather clocks, custom tailoring, and handmade furniture contracts, push up the price of such products not only absolutely, but relatively far above what they were in the old days, when skilled labor was cheaper and more abundant.

With which of the following topics is the author primarily concerned？

A．The effects of climate on the economy.

B．The relation between market prices and technological change.

C．The effect of shifts in supply and demand on market prices.

D．The increasing cost of skilled labor.

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发布时间：2020-10-12

更多“Market prices may move up or down （or remain the same)in response to a host of factors cau”相关的问题

第1题

听力原文：W: Morning, Mr. Park.M: Come here, Miss Li, I have something to talk to you.W: Wh

听力原文：W: Morning, Mr. Park.

M: Come here, Miss Li, I have something to talk to you.

W: What's the problem, Mr. Park？

M: We need to define a new strategy which must be flexible enough to take account of changing market conditions.

W: I agree. Our main objective must be to gain market share, and to do this we must reduce prices.

M: So you are sure that if we reduce prices, our market share will increase？

W: Yes, I'm sure.

M: That might be true. But if we reduce our prices, our margins will be lower and that will cut our profits.

W: In short term it is right. But we can slowly increase our production and as the production is increased, we may cut unit cost.

M: That's really a log-term prospect. But I believe higher profitability is our objective. The better the products, the higher the price, and the higher price will enhance higher profits.

W: The market is already very competitive. And if we raise our prices, whatever the quality, sales will drop rapidly.

M: Then shall we look at it from the other viewpoint--manufacturing. Well, if we can reduce cost in manufacturing that must put us in a strong position to adapt to the market. The only way for us is to sub-contract more of the production.

W: That will mean job losses if we do that.

M: That's true. But the jobs that remain will be more secure.

W: It sounds reasonable. Maybe we can try this way.

M: That's the best we can do, don't you agree？

(23)

A．Market share

B．Company strategy

C．High profitability

D．Manufacturing

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第2题

The Law of Supply and DemandIf trade is to take place, at least two economic units must be

The Law of Supply and Demand

If trade is to take place, at least two economic units must be involved (business, households, tradesmen, etc. ): One must have something to sell and the other must desire the product of the seller. These two economic units meet or communicate through what is called a "market". Markets can be physical places such as the farmers' market in large cities, the commodity markets in Chicago, or the stock exchanges of New York City. They can also be nothing more than a "happening" where buyer and seller never meet but may communicate halfway around the world by telephone, radio, etc. We will view a market as being some combination of buyers (demanders) and sellers (suppliers), which deals with a definable commodity. Notice, we have already split the concept of market into two subgroups -- demanders and suppliers. To see how markets operate, we will first develop tile demand and supply ideas separately; then we will combine them.

Price of the Demanded Goods

Every one of you is familiar with the concept of demand, although you may not be aware of the fact. To analyze demand, we merely look at all the things that affect people's desires for goods and services. What are some of these things？ If we talking about economic goods it is implied that to get a piece of goods, something else (such as money or some other goods) must be given up. The amount that must be given up per unit of the desired goods is the price of the desired goods -- $ 8.00 per book or I shirt per book. Thus it can be said that the quantity demanded of some goods depends partly on the price of that goods.

Prices of Substitute and Complementary Goods

Many goods are consumed or used either instead of or along with some other goods. In other words, there may be substitutes for or complements to some god&. Examples of substitutes include butter and margarine(人造黄油). automobile transportation and airline transportation, university training and technical school training. Notice, a substitute docs not have to be the same goods, and in fact, substitute implies that it may nit have to be the same goods. Nickels and dimes, in the proper portions, are perfect substitutes in most cases, but they are very imperfect if one has only nickels, the coffce machine takes only dimes, and nobody's around to make change. Complements are found in such items as tires and automobile, sails and sailboats, etc. As you may have guessed, the prices of these related goods will undoubtedly affect the quantity demanded of the desired goods in question. Much as I dislike margarine (and I can tell the difference), if the price of butter goes much higher (relative to margarine), I can assure you, margarine will be much more acceptable to me. Notice, as the price of a given goods becomes higher in relation to its substitute (or the price of substitute becomes lower), the quantity demanded of the given goods will decrease. The converse is true for complementary goods. If the price of automobiles increases substantially my demand for automobile tires will decrease, since I will be buying fewer automobiles on which to use the tires. While the example may not be very important for me as individual buyer of automobiles, it is very important if one looks at the total market including all buyers of automobiles and automobile tires.

The Income of Potential Buyers

A third item that can affect the quantity demanded of goods is the income of the buyer or buyers. At first thought, one would think that people with high incomes would demand more goods than those with low incomes. For some goods (economists call them "normal or superior" goods), this is true for example, the quantity demanded of Rolls Royce automobiles. But for other goods ("inferior" goods) such as pork and beans, the opposite is true. For the latter category, increasing incomes give people the choice of selecting more expensive foods, such as

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第3题

听力原文：Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which p

听力原文： Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public utility services. The interrelation ships of all these prices make up the "system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.

If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product

or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form. of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyers and sellers should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked, for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

(30)

A．The weakness of the price system.

B．The complexities of the price system.

C．Credit terms in transactions.

D．Resource allocation and the public service.

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第4题

China's Ministry of Finance said it will introduce tax breaks for certain housing transa

China's Ministry of Finance said it will introduce tax breaks for certain housing transactions from Nov.1, 2008 and relax mortgage （抵押）rates for first-time home buyers, the moves could help stabilize the country’s property market.

The ministry said the measures, which had been widely anticipated, are intended to help the general public, particularly the poor.But their effects could support housing purchases and help developers as well.

The government data showed that the growth of investments in real-estate development has slowed in recent months.Urban property prices slowed for the eighth month in a row in September to the lowest increase in more than three years.

Among the moves, China will suspend the stamp duty （印花税）on purchases and sales of individual homes, and the value-added tax on land for individual home sales.

It will also cut the deed tax （契税）rate to 1% for first-time homebuyers purchasing homes that are 90 square meters or smaller, lowering housing transaction costs.

The People’s Bank of China said it will lower the floor on mortgage rates to 0.7 times its benchmark （基准）lending rates for individuals buying their first ordinary homes for their own use, from 0.85 times now.It will also adjust the minimum down payment requirement to 20% of the purchase price on such transactions.

The National Development and Reform. Commission （NDRC）said property prices in 70 of China’s large and medium-sized cities rose 3.5% in September from a year earlier, down from August’s 5.3% rise.

However, the Chinese government has already been busy using fiscal （财政的）policy to drive economic growth.The state is making great efforts to tide over the current housing market downturn arising from the global financial crisis.

1.In Paragraph 1, the word “moves” could be replaced by which of the following？

A.Progress.B.Direction.C.Measures.D.Investments.

2.According to Paragraph 2, who will benefit from the measures？

A.Property developers.B.Low-income people.

C.Home buyers.D.All of the above.

3.The Chinese government’s main purpose in suspending several taxes is （）.

A.to reduce housing transaction costs

B.to disturb housing market

C.to improve building quality

D.to enhance the competitiveness of property developers

4.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage？

A.The growth of property investments in China has slowed.

B.Second-home buyers can also enjoy these favorable policies.

C.Up to September, urban housing prices slowed down for 8 months in succession.

D.The tax breaks for certain housing transactions had been widely expected.

5.We may infer from the passage that the attitude of the Chinese government towards the depression in the housing market is （）.

A.not clear B.activeC.negative D.indifferent

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第5题

The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and stor

age.Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing.The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products.Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge.For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.

Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made.Inventories build up,both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold.The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.

Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price.If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately.This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically.There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer.Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease.This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.

Warehouses for storage are of several types.Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers.Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership.General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products.Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products.Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling.A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before theyare sold.Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.

The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse.Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country.Each plant doesnot make every company product but specializes in one or more of them.The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place.Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories.It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover.Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based

1.The main subject of this passage is______.

A、transportation and storage

B、storage of products

C、distribution center

D、two main aspects of product distribution

2.Warehousing is important in that ______.

A、inventories build up before the goods are sold

B、the prices will go down

C、more goods are produced than can be consumed

D、the food has to be put on the market immediately

3.How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage？()

A、3

B、4

C、6

D、7

4.Where might one find meat and milk？()

A、Grain elevator

B、Cold-storage warehouse

C、Private warehouse

D、Bonded warehouse

5.What is NOT true of a distribution center？()

A、It is a relatively new type of warehouse

B、Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down

C、Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factory

D、It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage

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第6题

When the market crashed, the prices of tulips fell by ______ percent of the highest prices

.

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第7题

听力原文：The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject o

听力原文： The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior !and must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than could be obtained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them.

One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control programme lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country, depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In a developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences might be. A decreasing birthrate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable or in decline.

(33)

A．Higher productivity and a higher average income.

B．Higher productivity but a lower average income.

C．Lower productivity but a' higher average income.

D．Lower productivity and a lower average income.

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第8题

A shortage of OPEC oil at current market prices will increase oil prices because of（).

A.the law of elastic supply

B.the law of elastic demand

C.consumers will bid up the price of oil

D.all of the above

E.none of the above

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第9题

The primary solution to environmental problems is______.A．to allow market forces to operat

The primary solution to environmental problems is______.

A．to allow market forces to operate properly

B．to curb consumption of natural resources

C．to limit the growth of the world population

D．to avoid, fluctuations in prices

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第10题

The "income-effect" is best described as the: （).

A.effect on demand for a good brought about by a change in money income regardless of the changes in prices

B.effect on demand for a good induced by a change in real income

C.change in consumer preferences effected by a redistribution of income

D.effect on demand for a good induced by a change in the market price of the good

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