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Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young p

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.Theories （） on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior. （） they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior. through （） with others.Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in （） to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic （社会经济的）status （） as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, （） the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes.The latter may commit crimes （） lack of adequate parental control.All theories, however, are tentative （尝试性的）and are （） to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly （） juvenile crime rates.For example, changes in the economy that （） to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment （） make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.

The resulting discontent may in （） lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also （） changes these years.More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; （）, children are likely to have less supervision at home （） was common in the traditional family （）.This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates.Other （） causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased （） of drugs and alcohol, and the growing （） of child abuse and child neglect.All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, （） a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

1.A.actingB.relyingC.centeringD.commenting

2.A.beforeB.unlessC.untilD.because

3.A.interactionsB.assimilationC.cooperationD.consultation

4.A.returnB.replyC.referenceD.response

5.A.orB.but ratherC.butD.or else

6.A.consideringB.ignoringC.highlightingD.discarding

7.A.onB.inC.forD.with

8.A.immuneB.resistantC.sensitiveD.subject

9.A.affectB.reduceC.blockD.reflect

10.A.pointB.leadC.comeD.amount

11.A.in generalB.on averageC.by contrastD.at length

12.A.caseB.shortC.turnD.essence

13.A.survivedB.noticedC.undertakenD.experienced

14.A.contrarilyB.consequentlyC.similarlyD.simultaneously

15.A.thanB.thatC.whichD.as

16.A.systemB.structureC.conceptD.tradition

17.A.assessableB.identifiableC.negligibleD.incredible

18.A.expenseB.restrictionC.allocationD.availability

19.A.incidenceB.awarenessC.exposureD.popularity

20.A.providedB.sinceC.althoughD.supposing

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发布时间：2022-10-31
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更多“Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency （crimes committed by young p”相关的问题

第1题

According to the text, the problem that the scale of the study of human nature brought is
______.

A．that it is mysterious

B．insights lead to more questions and mystery

C．it is almost always used for the wrong purposes

D．there are too many competing theories

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第2题

The principle discovery in this century shows______.A．man has overthrown Newton' s laws of

The principle discovery in this century shows______.

A．man has overthrown Newton' s laws of physics

B．man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzles

C．man has lost many scientific discoveries

D．man has given up some of the once accepted theories

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第3题

The principle discovery in this century shows ______.A．man has overthrown Newton's laws of

The principle discovery in this century shows ______.

A．man has overthrown Newton's laws of physics

B．man has solved a new set of gigantic puzzles

C．man has lost many scientific discoveries

D．man has given up some of the once accepted theories

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第4题

听力原文：As is known to all, scientists and philosophers had studied the human body and it

听力原文： As is known to all, scientists and philosophers had studied the human body and its functions from very early times. Unfortunately, many of the ideas and theories, correct and incorrect, were accepted without question for a great number of years. But by the 16th century, knowledge gained through chemical experiments was beginning to make some people think more deeply about how the human body works.

A most important medical discovery was made by William Harvey in 1628. He found out that the blood is circulated round the body in one direction only by the pumping action of the heart. It had previously been incorrectly thought that the blood moved with a backward and forward motion.

Early in the 17th century a new instrument came into use that was to open up a whole new area in the study of medical and scientific matters. This was the microscope.

The first instruments were not very efficient. They were able to magnify only a very small part of the object and this was always surrounded by rings of coloured light. Nevertheless a great step forward had been taken which was of vital importance for future research and development.

(30)

A．Scientists and philosophers bad never studied the human body and its functions.

B．Many of the ideas and theories that people used to accept were all incorrect.

C．People used to accept ideas and theories.

D．People used to accept undoubtedly many of the ideas and' theories, correct and incorrect.

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第5题

&8226;Read this text taken from an article on theories of management,&8226;Choose the best

&8226;Read this text taken from an article on theories of management,

&8226;Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.

&8226;For each gap 9-14, mark one letter (A-H) on your Answer Sheet.

&8226;Do not use any letter more than once.

&8226;There is an example at the beginning (O).

Don't follow that theory - think for yourself!

In the 1990s, according to US author Eileen Shapiro, managers have abandoned the right to manage. She argues that managers in the USA have lost confidence. (0) H

She describes a corporate culture which is extremely defensive and which has as its motto 'Managers should always follow the latest short-lived management theory, no matter how irrelevant it may be'. (9) In turn, these have been followed blindly by managers who have given up their central responsibility - taking decisions about their own business in their own particular circumstances.

"I really believe a manager's job is to manage", she says. But increasingly, she feels, they do everything but that. (10) That's because this, the identification of problems and opportunities, is the scariest part of management. Managers try to avoid the anxiety it brings by simply applying the latest theory to any problem. (11) Managers should, she believes, confront these head-on.

It is not that Ms Shapiro does not believe in cutting out unnecessary management layers and opening up organisations. Her criticism is that theories are often presented unthinkingly as solutions and are applied by managers who do not really understand what they are saying.

"Theories are often regarded as if they are some sort of miraculous cure for any type of problem", she says. "However, many projects have failed because theories have been applied which were not appropriate to the situation." (12) The blame for this inappropriate application of theories lies, she claims, mainly at the door of consultancy firms. It is difficult for big firms of consultants to specialise sufficiently. They cannot hope to offer exactly the service that a company requires at a price which the client is able to afford. (13) This is worse than having no help at all.

One of the most serious potential consequences of following theories without considering whether they are appropriate or not is a loss of staff morale and motivation. Obviously, this is something to be avoided. (14) However, Ms Shapiro believes that, unfortunately, unless managers begin again to take responsibility for their own actions that is exactly what will happen.

A. They therefore end up developing generalised solutions which are offered to clients regardless of an organisation's specific problems.

B. There are many firms of consultants offering help to companies.

C. No manager in their right mind would want to work with an angry, cynical or alienated workforce.

D. Just because a course of action has succeeded in one context, it does not mean it will be right in other circumstances.

E. From 'mission statements' to 're-engineering' she shows how one theory has replaced another in quick succession.

F. But in doing so, they often fail to address the real issues.

G. They fail to tackle the central management task, which is diagnosis.

H. They therefore no longer have the courage or the ability to take responsibility for their decisions.

(9)

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第6题

Our dreams combine verbal, visual and emotional stimuli into a sometimes broken, nonsensic
al but often entertaining story line. We can sometimes even solve problems in our sleep. Or can we？ Many experts disagree on exactly what the purpose of our dreams might be. Are they strictly random brain impulses, or are our brains actually working through issues from our daily life while we sleep--as a sort of coping mechanism？ Should we even bother to interpret our dreams？ Many say yes, that we have a great deal to learn from our dreams.

Why do we Dream？

For centuries, we've tried to figure out just why our brains play these nightly shows for us. Early civilizations thought dream worlds were real, physical worlds that they could enter only from their dream state. Researchers continue to toss around many theories about dreaming. Those theories essentially fall into two categories:

The idea that dreams are only physiological stimulations

The idea that dreams are psychologically necessary

Physiological theories are based on the idea that we dream in order to exercise various neural connections that some researchers believe affect certain types of learning. Psychological theories are based on the idea that dreaming allows us to sort through problems or events of the day or things that are requiring a lot of our attention. Some of these theorists think dreams might be prophetic. Many researchers and scientists also believe that perhaps it is a combination of the two theories.

Dreaming and the Brain

When we sleep, we go through five sleep stages. The first stage is a very light sleep from which it is easy to wake up. The second stage moves into a slightly deeper sleep, and stages three and four represent our deepest sleep. Our brain activity throughout these stages is gradually slowing down so that by deep sleep, we experience nothing but delta brain waves--the slowest brain waves. About 90 minutes after we go to sleep and after the fourth sleep stage, we begin REM sleep.

Rapid eye movement(REM)was discovered in 1953 by University of Chicago researchers Eugene Aserinsky, a graduate student in physiology, and Nathaniel Kleitman, Ph. D. , chair of physiology. REM sleep is primarily characterized by movements of the eyes and is the fifth stage of sleep.

How to Improve Your Dream Recall

It is said that five minutes after the end of a dream, we have forgotten 50 percent of the dream's content. Ten minutes later, we've forgotten 90 percent of its content. Why is that？ We don't forget our daily actions that quickly. The fact that they are so hard to remember makes their importance seem less.

There are many resources both on the Web and in print that will give you tips on how to improve your recall of dreams. Those who believe we have a lot to learn about ourselves from our dreams are big proponents of dream journals. Here are some steps you can take to increase your dream recall:

When you go to bed, tell yourself you will remember your dreams.

Set your alarm to go off every hour and a half so you'll wake up around the times that you leave REM sleep--when you're most likely to remember your dreams.(Or, drink a lot of water before you go to bed to ensure you have to wake up at least once in the middle of the night!)

Keep a pad and pencil next to your bed.

Try to wake up slowly to remain within the "mood" of your last dream.

Common Dream Themes and Their Interpretations

Being naked in public

Most of us have had the dream at some point that we're at school, work or some social event, and we suddenly realize we forgot to put on clothes! Experts say this means:

We're trying to hide something(and without clothes we have a hard time doing that).

We're not prepared for something, like a presenta

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第7题

A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply—all these w
ere important【C1】______in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution.【C2】______they were not enough. Something【C3】______was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men—【C4】______individual who could invent machines, find new【C5】______of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who【C6】______the machines of the Industrial Revolution【C7】______from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were【C8】______inventors than scientists. A man who is a【C9】______scientist is primarily interested in doing his research【C10】______. He is not necessarily working【C11】______that his findings can be used.

An inventor or one interested in applied science is【C12】______trying to make something that has a concrete【C13】______. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories【C14】______science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a【C15】______result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of【C16】______other objectives.

Most of the people who【C17】______the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had【C18】______or no training in science might not have made their inventions【C19】______a ground-work had not been laid by scientists years【C20】______.

【C1】

A．cases

B．reasons

C．factors

D．situations

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第8题

In an effort to make up for some of the glaringlimitations of IQ tests, researchers have b

In an effort to make up for some of the glaring

limitations of IQ tests, researchers have begun to

develop new ways to measure the kinds of emotional factors

and psychological attitudes that lead to succeed in 【S1】______

everyday life. While IQ tests remain excellent predictors

of how good one will do in school, they have little

or nothing to do with who will earn the money or prestige

or have the most satisfied social life or relationships. 【S2】______

The new tests are intended to assess the less practical 【S3】______

intelligence that underlies these accomplishments. The

new approach goes beyond purely mental skills to

assess emotional factors and psychological attitudes that

can either interfere or facilitate the use of those skills. It 【S4】______

has fostered new theories of what they means to be smart. 【S5】______

The old theories focused in academic skills such as 【S6】______

verbal or mathematical quickness. But the new theories

describe a spectrum of practical talents such as the ability to

pick up the unspoken rules that govern success in a corporate

or professional career or the habits of mind that foster

productivity. "IQ and success in living have much to do 【S7】______

with each other", says Seymour Epstein, a psychologist at

the University of Massachusetts." Being intellectually gifted

does not predict you will earn the most money or achieve

the most recognition, even among college professors."

One factor emerging as crucial for life success is that 【S8】______

might be called emotional intelligence. "How well people

manage their emotions determines how effectively they

can use their intellectual ability," Dr. Epstein says. "For

example, if someone is skilled at solving problems in the

quiet of her office, but fall apart in a group, then she will 【S9】______

be effective in a great many situations." 【S10】______

【S1】

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第9题

PDCA方法的前期阶段，包括了（)阶段

A.FOCUS

B.KEY

C.INTEREST

D.CONCER

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第10题

Many Native Americans closely resemble Asians. This has led most scientists to （1) believe somet

Many Native Americans closely resemble Asians. This has led most scientists to(1)believe something about Native Americans. They think that most Native Americans(2)from a distant group of people. These people(3)from Siberia across the Bering Strait, between 17,000-11,000 years ago. The exact time and 4 is still under question. That is, it is still a(n)(5)of debate. The time they traveled and the route they took is still being argued, as is whether it happened(6).

(7)recently, some anthropologists (人类学家) argued that the migration occurred 12,000 years ago. However, there are a number of difficulties with this theory —(8)particular, the presence of people in the Americas earlier than one might think. There is growing evidence of human(9)in Brazil and Chile 11,500 years ago or earlier. There is also(10)of humans living in the Americas some 50,000 years ago.(11), other possibilities have been suggested.

They may have(12)the land bridge several thousand years earlier or they may have sailed along the western coast. However, some(13)this theory. They think that humans(14)skills for sailing during that era.

Some consider the genetic and cultural evidence for an Asian origin overwhelming. It should be noted,(15), that some other people are very upset at this idea. Many present-day Native Americans(16)the above theories. They say those who put forward such theories have political(17)They have their own traditional stories that offer(18)of where they came from. Their own stories claim that their(19)are different from what scientists say. Those accounts, though, have mostly been(20)by scholars. Therefore, the origin of Americans still remains a mystery to be explored.

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