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[主观题]

The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is

concerned with, describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People sneak and write; they also evidently read and understand what they hear. They are not born doing so; they have to acquire these skills. Not. everybody seems to develop them to the same degree. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which impair their performance. Language is thus-seen as part of human psychology, a particular sort of behavior, the behavior. which has as its principal function that of communication.

The trouble with the term "behavior" is that it is often taken to refer only to more or less overt, and describable, physical movements and acts. Yet part of language behavior. -- that of understanding spoken or written language, for example -- has little or no physically observable signs. It is true we can sometimes infer that understanding has taken place by the changes that take place in the other person's behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may infer that he has understood the prohibition by observing that thereafter he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his subsequent behavior. is a result of his understanding; it might be due to a loss of interest or inclination. So behavior. must be taken to include unobservable activity, often only to be inferred from other observable behavior.

Once we admit that the study of language behavior. involves describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes much more complicated, because we have to postulate some set of processes, some internal mechanism, which operates when we speak and understand. We have to postulate something we can call a mind. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the mind whose outward manifestations are observable behavior; what we have to know in order to perform. linguistically.

This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally concerned with explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive systems, and with the psychological mechanisms underlying the comprehension and production of speech: much less with the problem of what language is for, that is, its function as communication, since this necessarily involves more than a single individual.

What is the best title for this passage？

A．Language as Means of Communication

B．Language and Psychology

C．Language and the Individual

D．Language as a Social Phenomenon

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发布时间：2021-01-23
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更多“The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is”相关的问题

第1题

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Parental Hopes a
nd Personal Desires. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph. You should write at least 120 words, not including the words given.

1. Obligations to our parents are very important.

2. Sometimes, obligations to parents cause people much distress.

3. We'd better find a way which can make ourselves happy while pleasing our parents at the same time.

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第2题

听力原文：W: Hey Dan. I hear you're meeting Susan's parents for the first time.M: Yeah, nex

听力原文：W: Hey Dan. I hear you're meeting Susan's parents for the first time.

M: Yeah, next weekend. Fortunately, her father loves to fish, so we will have something to talk about.

Q: What can be inferred 'about Dan？

(13)

A．He is going to give a talk on fishing.

B．He thinks fishing is a good way to kill time.

C．He has the same hobby as Susan's father.

D．He is eager to meet Susan's parents.

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第3题

听力原文：Yoga becomes very popular nowadays, but it is important that we understand a few

听力原文： Yoga becomes very popular nowadays, but it is important that we understand a few facts about it. First of all, it is not a religion. Yoga is a way of life and can serve only to improve your present way of life. Yoga is an exact science and a delicate art. Secondly, be as mechanical as possible. Never strain or pull too much. Forcing will cause your Body to resist and will actually slow down or even prevent your progress. Go gently. Stretch up to the point where it would start to hurt, then stop immediately. The key is the proper breathing through the nostrils with the mouth shut. Usually it is best to practise alone in a room with fresh air, wearing little or no clothing. Never practise on a full stomach because an empty stomach permits greater flexibility. Exercise will benefit your general health. Yoga cannot add or reduce pounds from your figure; only eating less or more food can do that. Always remember that diet affects weight, while exercise affects shape. Neither can do the job of the other.

(30)

A．A delicate art.

B．A religion.

C．An exact science.

D．A way of life

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第4题

根据以下内容，回答下列各题。 Persons who are overweight should watch their diet carefully i
n order to lose pounds. The best way to do this is to start a weight control program. At first it is wise to talk with your doctor. He can advise you of the number of calories(卡路里) you should have in your meals each day. He can tell you about exercisingwhile on your diet. A good rule is to lose slowly. A loss of a pound or two is plenty. Plan meals around foods you know. This means that it is wise to include foods that you are used to and that are part of your regular eating habits. When you have lost the weight you wish, simple items can be added to your diet so that you can maintain the weight you want. While you are dieting, try to build a pattern of eating that you can follow later to maintain your desired weight. When dieting, choose low-calorie foods. Avoid such items as fats. fried food, sweets, cakes, cream and soft drinks. Try to take coffee and tea without sugar or cream. Snacks can be part of your diet. For example, a piece of fruit or a simple dessert saved from mealtime can be eaten between meals. Keep busy ! This way you will not be tempted to go off the diet. Make full use of opportunities to exercise. Try walking instead of riding whenever possible. Happy dieting! What is the main idea of the passage？

A. How to diet.

B. Why we should diet.

C. What we should diet.

D. Where we should diet.

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第5题

听力原文：At the theater, she disrupts the first act as she climbs over your knees toward h

听力原文： At the theater, she disrupts the first act as she climbs over your knees toward her seat. When your doorbell rings on a Saturday night, long after your other guests have begun eating, you know he has arrived for dinner. At work, you don't expect her at your 9:00 a.m. meeting.

They are the latecomers and it doesn't matter if they wear a watch or use an alarm dock. Lateness is their way of life.

Chronic lateness has spoiled friendships, and a habit that has caused people to lose their job. Why, then, are so many people late？

"Not arriving on time can be a form. of avoidance," says Dr. Richard Kravitz, a psychiatrist at Yale New Haven Medical Center in Connecticut. "You are late for a party, or coming home from work, because you don't want to be where you're supposed to be." Other reasons for chronic lateness are more complex. Dr. Kravitz suggests that some latecomers know that their lateness will cause anger, and this serves their deep need to be punished. Alternatively, some latecomers have a tendency to force someone to wait, which is a way of expressing anger or resentment.

As for those of us who wait, if we can set limits as to how long we will stay before leaving when appropriate, we can make our anger known. And though it is true that being prompt can be as compulsive as being late, Shakespeare advised this: "Better three hours too soon than a minute too late."

(33)

A．It indicates that latecomers don't care about others' time.

B．It indicates that latecomers always ignore other people's feeling.

C．It indicates that latecomers enjoy being looked at by others.

D．It indicates that lateness is their way of life.

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第6题

Passage Two:Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.The human brain contains
10 thousand million cells and each of these may have a thousand connections. Such enormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability, but now that we have grown used to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure. Quite soon, in only 10 or 20 years perhaps, we will be able to assemble a machine as complex as the human brain, and if we can we will. It may then take us a long time to render it intelligent by loading in the right software (软件) or by altering the architecture but that too will happen.

I think it certain that in decades, not centuries, machines of silicon (硅) will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors. Once they exceed us they will be capable of their own design. In a real sense they will be able to reproduce themselves. Silicon will have ended carbon’s long control. And we will no longer be able to claim ourselves to be the finest intelligence in the known universe.

As the intelligence of robots increases to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments, harmful to ourselves. Thus, deserts may bloom and the ocean beds be mined. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast, man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.

第16题：In what way can we make a machine intelligent？

A) By making it work in such environments as deserts, oceans or space.

B) By working hard for 10 or 20 years.

C) By either properly programming it or changing its structure.

D) By reproducing it.

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第7题

听力原文：We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East, where people

听力原文： We can read of things that happened 5000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the word where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down from one generation to another. (29)These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did.

(30) Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian people now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2000 years ago.

But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.

(31) Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. (31)Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.

(30)

A．They moved from one place to another.

B．They came from Indonesia.

C．They have left us information about their migrations.

D．They preserved their sagas and legends.

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第8题

Many describe Freud as the most influential psychologistof all time. Yet not everyone reco

Many describe Freud as the most influential psychologist

of all time. Yet not everyone recognize the profound effect of 【S1】______

psychoanalytic theory in the way most of us look at human 【S2】______

behavior, regardless of any formal exposure to Freud's works.

For example, most adults in Western society accept the idea that

behavior. can be influenced by an unconscious part of the mind.

We say things like "I must have done that consciously" or "Even 【S3】______

though I didn't realize it consciously, maybe unconsciously

I did." Although Freud was not the first to talk about the

unconscious, no one ago, or probably since, has placed 【S4】______

so many emphasis upon unconscious processes in explaining 【S5】______

human behavior.

Do you believe that dreams hold important psychological

information, revealing inner fears and desires？ If so, you are

backing on an idea that Freud popularized. 【S6】______

As people had been interpreting dreams for thousands of 【S7】______

years, Freud was the first to incorporate dream interpretation

into a larger psychological theory. When we talk about our dreams

and lay to figure it out, we are informally following a therapeutic 【S8】______

procedure outlining by Freud at the turn of the century. 【S9】______

Numerous examples of Freudian thought can be found in our

daily language, as well as in modem literature and in motion

pictures. Thus, an understanding of Freudian psychology

is part of a good liberal arts education; it can aid the observant

student to appreciating subtle and not-so-subtle references 【S10】______

【S1】

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第9题

听力原文：M: Come on Jody, how're we going to convince everybody that my car wash idea is t
he best way to raise money for the Thanksgiving party at the student center？

W: It won't be easy.

M: Thanks a lot !

W: Oh, I'm just kidding. Actually, I think once we show how much money it could bring in, we'll be sure to convince everyone on campus to pitch-in.

M: Well... how are we going to get the message out？

W: One thing I was thinking of is to hang up handout on the bulletin boards.

M: But that's not going to attract much attention. We need to do something interesting.

W: Let me finish: I know someone who works at the campus print shop. Last week he said he could get hold of materials to make a big banner. That'll attract the attention of a lot of students if we can hang it in front of the student center.

M: Nice work !

W: I've also arranged to have an article published in the school paper next Wednesday. That way you can get the message out to the entire campus.

M: Uh-oh, that means I better come up with an article pretty quickly. How about if I write it up and I'll let you be the first to read it. How about alter English class tomorrow？

W: Sounds like a plan. I'll see you then.

M: You're the greatest. I don't think I would have known what to do without your help.

(20)

A．A car wash plan.

B．Thanksgiving.

C．A newspaper.

D．A message service.

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第10题

Mystery of TimeIf you can read a clock, you can know the time of day. But no one knows wha

Mystery of Time

If you can read a clock, you can know the time of day. But no one knows what time itself is. We can not see it. We can not hear it. We know it only by the way we mark its passing. For ail our success in measuring the tiniest parts of time, time remains one of the great mysteries of the universe.

One way of thinking about time is to imagine a world without time. There could be no movement, because time and movement can not be separated. A world without time could exist only as long as there were no changes, for time and change are linked. When something changes, you know time has passed. In the real world, changes never stop. Some changes happen only once in a while, like an eclipse of the moon. Others happen repeatedly, like the rising and setting of the sun. People have always noted natural events that repeat themselves. When people began to count such events, they began to measure time.

In early human history, the only changes that seemed to repeat themselves evenly were the movements of objects in the sky. The most easily seen result of these movements was the difference between light and darkness.

The sun rose in the eastern sky, producing light. It moved overhead and sank in the western sky, causing darkness. The appearance and disappearance of the sun was even and unfailing. The periods of light and darkness it created were the first accepted periods of time. We have named each period of light and darkness one day. People saw the sun rise higher in the sky during the summer than in winter. They counted the days that passed from the sun's highest position until it returned to that position. They counted 365 days. We now know that is the time Earth takes to move once around the sun. We call this period of time a year.

Early humans also noted changes in the moon. As it moved across the night sky, they must have wondered. Why did it look different every night？ Why did it disappear？ Where did it go？

Even before they learned the answers to these questions, they developed a way to use the moon's changing faces to tell time. The moon was "full" when its face was bright and round. They counted the number of times the sun appeared between full moons. They learned that this number always remained the same, about 29 suns. Twenty-nine suns equaled one moon. We now know this period of time as one month.

Early people hunted animals and gathered wild plants. They moved in groups, or tribes, from place to place in search of food. Then people learned to plant seeds and grow crops. They learned to raise animals. They found they no longer needed to move from one place to another to survive. As hunters, people did not need a way to measure time. As farmers, however, they had to plant crops in time to harvest them before winter. They had to know when the seasons would change. So they developed calendars.

No one knows when the first calendar was developed. But it seems possible that it was based on moons, or lunar months. When people started farming, the wise men of the tribes became very important. They studied the sky. They gathered enough information to be able to say when the seasons would change. They announced when it was time to plant crops.

The divisions of time we use today were developed in ancient Babylonia 4,000 years ago. Babylonian astronomers believed the sun moved around the Earth every 365 days. They divided the trip into 12 equal parts or months. Each month was 30 days. Then they divided each day into 24 equal pans, or hours. They divided each hour into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds.

Humans have used many devices to measure time. The sundial was one of the earliest and simplest. A sundial measures the movement of the sun across the sky each day. It has a stick or other object that rises above a flat surface. The stick, blocking sunlight, creates a s

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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第11题

As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once
you are in the 【C1】______ of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hard to 【C2】______ down. But relaxation is essential for a 【C3】______ mind and body.

Stress is natural part of everyday life and there is no way to 【C4】______ it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often 【C5】______ to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide 【C6】______ and give purpose to life. It is only 【C7】______ the stress gets out of control that it can lead to 【C8】______ performance and ill health.

The amount of stress arsons can withstand depends very much 【C9】______ the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and 【C10】______ characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose 【C11】______ at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When 【C12】______ to stress, in whatever form, we react both chemically and 【C13】______ . In fact we make choice between "flight and fight" and in more primitive days the choices made the difference 【C14】______ life and death. The crises we meet today are 【C15】______ to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it 【C16】______ the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued 【C17】______ to stress, that health becomes 【C18】______ . Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart diseases have 【C19】______ links with stress. Since we cannot 【C20】______ stress from our lives (it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

【C1】

A．routine

B．habit

C．principle

D．rule

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