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[主观题]

Psychologists from around the world look at whether working mothers' multiple roles place

inordinate (极度的) stress on them. Does having a job as well as a home and a family enhance a woman's health or threaten it？

Research on the question is sparse and contradictory. Research in the area has pointed to two competing hypotheses, according to Nancy Marshall, participant of Wellesley College's Center for Research on Women. One, the "scarcity hypothesis", presumes people have a limited amount of time and energy and that women with competing demands suffer from overload and inter-role conflict. The other, the "enhancement hypothesis", theorizes that the greater self-esteem and social support people gain from multiple roles outweigh the costs. Marshall's own research supports both notions.

Citing results from two studies she recently conducted, she explained that having children gives working women a mental and emotional boost that childless women lack. But having children also increases work and family strain, indirectly increasing depressive symptoms, she found.

The reason multiple roles can be both positive and negative has to do with traditional gender roles, agreed the experts. Despite women's movement into the paid labor force, they still have primary responsibility for the "second shift" — household work and childcare. The debate about women's multiple roles could be rendered obsolete by changes in societal expectations, many experts in the field believe.

"Individual decisions about work and family take place in a social and cultural context," said Gunn Johansson, PhD, professor of work psychology at the University of Stockholm. "Society sends encouraging or discouraging signals about an individual's choices and about the feasibility of combining work and family."

According to Johansson, these signals come not only in the form. of equal employment opportunity laws, but also in the support society makes available to families. A researcher in her department, for instance, compared the plight of women managers in Sweden and the former West Germany. Although the two societies are quite similar, they differ in one important respect: Sweden offers high-quality child care to almost every family that requests it.

Preliminary results from the study are striking. In Sweden, most of the women managers had at least two children and sometimes more; in Germany, most were single women with no children. "These women were reading the signals from their society," Johansson said. While the German women recognized that they had to forsake family for work, the Swedish women took it as their right to combine the two roles.

The argument of this article is centered around ______.

A．the multiple roles a woman should have in society

B．the two opposing hypothesises about working women

C．the way working women win their self-esteem and social support

D．the overload and inter-role conflict a working woman has to face

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发布时间：2021-02-08
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更多“Psychologists from around the world look at whether working mothers' multiple roles place”相关的问题

第1题

Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people inter
act__________.

A、the intimate zone

B、the personal zone

C、the social zone

D、the public zone

E、the openness zone

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第2题

What does Seligman mean by saying "If you want roses, you have to plant a rose"？ A) Psy
chologists should give whatever the patients want. B) It is helpful for the depressed patients to plant flowers. C) It is better to dew.lop mental help through constructive skills. D) The patients can recover from grief without psychologists' help.

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第3题

Skenazy's decision to let her son take the subway alone has met with______.A．opposition fr

Skenazy's decision to let her son take the subway alone has met with______.

A．opposition from her own family

B．official charges of child abuse

C．approval from psychologists

D．somewhat mixed responses

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第4题

Why did you decide to read this, and will you keep reading to the end？ Do you expect to un
derstand every 【C1】______ part of it and will you remember anything about it in a fortnight's 【C2】______ ？ Common sense 【C3】______ that the answers 【C4】______ these questions depend on "readability" -whether the 【C5】______ matter is interesting, the argument clear and the 【C6】______ attractive. But psychologists are discovering that to 【C7】______ why people read-and often don't read-technical information, they have to 【C8】______ not so much the writing as the reader.

Even the most technically confident people often 【C9】______ instructions for the video or home computer in 【C10】______ of hands-on experience. And people frequently 【C11】______ little notice of consumer information, 【C12】______ on nutritional labels or in the small print of contracts. Psychologists researching reading 【C13】______ to assume that both beginners and 【C14】______ readers read everything put in front of them from start to finish. There are 【C15】______ among them about the 【C16】______ of eyes, memory and brain during the 【C17】______ . Some believe that fluent readers take 【C18】______ every letter or Word they see; others 【C19】______ that readers rely on memory or context to carry them from one phrase to another. But they have always assumed that the reading process is the same: reading starts, comprehension 【C20】______ , then reading stops.

【C1】

A．absolute

B．one

C．single

D．unique

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第5题

听力原文： Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not perform
ed in the brain alone, but that ones muscles also participate. It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way as we listen to music with our bodies. You surely are not surprised to be told that you usually listen to music not only with your ears but also with your whole body. Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or more specifically, some parts of their body. Often when one listens to a concert on the radio, he is tempted to direct the orchestra even though he knows there is a competent conductor on the job. Strange as this behaviour may be, there is a very good reason for it. One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates, so to speak, in its performance. The listener "feels" himself to the music with more or less noticeable motions of his body. The muscles of the body actually participate in the mental process of thinking in the same way, but this participation is less obvious because it is less noticeable. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard. 19. According to the passage, what do some psychologists maintain about thinking？ 20. Why do people move their body while listening to familiar music？ 21. What is the passage mainly about？19．

A．To exercise their muscles.

B．To show that they understand the music.

C．To fully enjoy the music.

D．To experience the feeling of being a conductor.

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第6题

People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early tha
t it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction, It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded (使...隐居) on a desert island at birth and returned seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.

Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive(认知的) psychologists had illuminated the subtle forms o？ daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed (哄) into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the basics of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers is itself far from innate.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．Trends in teaching mathematics to children.

B．The use of mathematics in child psychology.

C．The development of mathematical ability in children.

D．The fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn.

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第7题

In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic ma
nagement in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog (齿轮) in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped (播送的) music, and by psychologists and "human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue-collar and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets (木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job, they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again—by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the pre-industrial mode of production or to nineteenth century "free enterprise capitalism"？ Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of love and reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

By "well-oiled cog in the machinery" (Para. 1) the author intends to render the idea that man is ______ .

A．a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligible

B．working in complete harmony with the rest of society

C．an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly

D．a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly

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第8题

Do women tend to devalue（贬低) the worth of their work？ Do they apply different standards

Do women tend to devalue(贬低) the worth of their work？ Do they apply different standards to rewarding their own work more critically than they do to rewarding the work of others？ These were the questions asked by Michigan State University psychologists Lawrence Messe and Charlene Callahan-Levy. Past experiments had shown that when women were asked to decide how much to pay themselves and other people for the same job, they paid themselves less. Following up on this finding, Messe and Callahan-Levy designed experiments to test several popular explanations of why women tend to get less in pay situations.

One theory the psychologists tested was that women judge their own work more harshly than that of others. The subjects for the experiment testing this theory were men and women from the Michigan State undergraduate student body. The job the subjects were asked to perform. for pay was an opinion questionnaire(调查表) requiring a number of short essays on campus-related issues. After completing the questionnaire, some subjects were given six dollars in bills and change and were asked to decide payment for themselves. Others were given the same amount and were asked to decide payment for another subject who had also completed the questionnaire.

The psychologists found that, as in earlier experiments, the women paid themselves less than the men paid themselves. They also found that the women paid themselves less than they paid other women and less than the men paid the women. The differences were substantial. The average paid to women by themselves was $ 2.97. The average paid to men by themselves was $ 4.06. The average paid to women by others was $ 4.37. In spite of the differences, the psychologists found that the men and the women in the experiment evaluated their own performances on the questionnaire about equally and better than the expected performances of others.

On the basis of these findings, Messe and Callahan-Levy concluded that women's attachment of a comparatively low monetary value to their work cannot be based entirely on their judgment of their own ability.

The experiment designed in the passage would be most relevant to the formulation(陈述，表述) of a theory concerning the ______.

A．generally lower salaries received by women workers in comparison to men

B．reluctance of some women to enter professions that are traditionally dominated by men

C．anxiety expressed by some women workers in dealing with male supervisors

D．prejudices often suffered by women in attempting to enter the workforce

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第9题

Ask three people to look out the same window at a busy street corner and tell you what
they see. Chances are that you will receive three different answers. Each person sees the same scene, but each perceives something different about it.

Perceiving goes on in our minds. Of the three people who look out the window, one may say that he sees a policeman giving a motorist a ticket. Another may say that he sees a rush-hour traffic jam at the intersection. The third may say that he sees a woman trying to cross the street with four children in tow. For perception is the mind’s interpretation of what the senses — in this case our eyes — tell us.

Many psychologists today are working to try to determine just how a person experiences or perceives the world around him. Using a scientific approach, these psychologists set up experiments in which they can control all of the factors. By measuring and charting the results of many experiments, they are trying to find out what makes different people perceive totally different things about the same scene.

1.What does the passage mainly tell us________

A、Perceiving has nothing to do with seeing.

B、Perceiving differs from seeing.

C、Seeing is closely connected to perceiving.

D、Seeing has much to do with perceiving.

2.The phrase “with four children in tow” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to “________”.

A、with four children following closely behind her

B、with four children tied to each other with a rope

C、with four children dragging a rope held by her

D、with four children dragged in a small cart

3.According to the passage, perceiving is an action________ .

A、that tells us information through our eyes

B、that gives us senses in the mind

C、that explains what our senses tell us

D、that makes our mind different

4.The psychologists are trying to draw their conclusion ________.

A、by asking different people to tell how they perceive the same scene

B、by using a scientific approach in setting up their experiments

C、by determining how a person experiences the world around him

D、by measuring and charting the results of many experiments

5.Which of the following statements is NOT true________

A、Different people may perceive the same scene in a different way.

B、That a policeman gives a motorist a ticket means the motorist is fined.

C、No people share the same perception when they are asked to see the same scene.

D、The psychologists can control all of the factors in their experiments.

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第10题

People appear to be born to compute.The numerical skills of children develop so early and

People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably (坚定地) that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy--one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, five spoons, and five forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.

Of course, the truth is not so simple. In this century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped--or, as the case might be, bumped into--concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, when asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed (说服) into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments (基本原理) of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers--the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is prerequisite (先决条件) for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table--is itself far from innate.

After children have helped to set the table with impressive accuracy, they ________.

A．are able to help parents serve dishes

B．tend to do more complicated housework

C．are able to figure out the total pieces

D．can enter a second-grade mathematics class

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