Experts have pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, drivers should be re

eir ability instead of how much time they have served.

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The company did not have the money to hire “experts”, and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field.

inordinate (极度的) stress on them. Does having a job as well as a home and a family enhance a woman's health or threaten it？

Research on the question is sparse and contradictory. Research in the area has pointed to two competing hypotheses, according to Nancy Marshall, participant of Wellesley College's Center for Research on Women. One, the "scarcity hypothesis", presumes people have a limited amount of time and energy and that women with competing demands suffer from overload and inter-role conflict. The other, the "enhancement hypothesis", theorizes that the greater self-esteem and social support people gain from multiple roles outweigh the costs. Marshall's own research supports both notions.

Citing results from two studies she recently conducted, she explained that having children gives working women a mental and emotional boost that childless women lack. But having children also increases work and family strain, indirectly increasing depressive symptoms, she found.

The reason multiple roles can be both positive and negative has to do with traditional gender roles, agreed the experts. Despite women's movement into the paid labor force, they still have primary responsibility for the "second shift" — household work and childcare. The debate about women's multiple roles could be rendered obsolete by changes in societal expectations, many experts in the field believe.

"Individual decisions about work and family take place in a social and cultural context," said Gunn Johansson, PhD, professor of work psychology at the University of Stockholm. "Society sends encouraging or discouraging signals about an individual's choices and about the feasibility of combining work and family."

According to Johansson, these signals come not only in the form. of equal employment opportunity laws, but also in the support society makes available to families. A researcher in her department, for instance, compared the plight of women managers in Sweden and the former West Germany. Although the two societies are quite similar, they differ in one important respect: Sweden offers high-quality child care to almost every family that requests it.

Preliminary results from the study are striking. In Sweden, most of the women managers had at least two children and sometimes more; in Germany, most were single women with no children. "These women were reading the signals from their society," Johansson said. While the German women recognized that they had to forsake family for work, the Swedish women took it as their right to combine the two roles.

The argument of this article is centered around ______.

A．the multiple roles a woman should have in society

B．the two opposing hypothesises about working women

C．the way working women win their self-esteem and social support

D．the overload and inter-role conflict a working woman has to face

The company did not have the money to hire “experts”, and there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field.

According to some experts in fitness those who have no disease are healthy.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

evoted to getting the substitutes from other species.

A．foreseen

B．fabricated

C．inferred

D．boycotted

To solve acid rain problems, we must have experts develop high technology.

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

questioned ______

The findings of James and other scientists in their work ________.

A) remain a theory to be further proved

B) have been generally accepted

C) have been challenged by many other experts

D) are practiced by the researchers themselves