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A．at length
B．at random
C．in essence
D．in bulk
答案
更多“When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people_____”相关的问题
第1题
第2题
The Science of Lasting Happiness
The day I meet Sonja Lyubomirsky, she keeps getting calls from her Toyota Prius dealer. When she finally picks up, she is excited by the news: she can buy the car she wants in two days. Lyubomirsky wonders if her enthusiasm might come across as materialism, but I understand that she is buying an experience as much as a possession. Two weeks later, in late January, the 40-year-old Lyubomirsky, who smiles often and seems to approach life with zest and good humor, reports that she is "totally loving the Prius." But will the feeling wear off soon after the new-car smell, or will it last, making a naturally happy person even more so？
The Possibility of Lasting Happiness
An experimental psychologist investigating the possibility of lasting happiness, Lyubomirsky understands far better than most of us the folly of pinning our hopes on a new car—or on any good fortune that comes our way. We tend to adapt, quickly returning to our usual level of happiness. The classic example of such "hedonic adaptation"(享乐适应) comes from a 1970s study of lottery winners, who a year after their windfall(意外横财)ended up no happier than nonwinners. Hedonic adaptation helps to explain why even changes in major life circumstances—such as income, marriage, physical health and where we live—do so little to boost our overall happiness. Not only that, but studies of twins and adoptees have shown that about 50 percent of each person's happiness is determined from birth. This "genetic set point" alone makes the happiness glass look half empty, because any upward swing in happiness seems doomed to fall back to near your baseline. "There's been a tension in the field," explains Lyubomirsky's main collaborator, psychologist Kennon M. Sheldon of the University of Missouri-Columbia. "Some people were assuming you can affect happiness if, for example, you picked the right goals, but there was all this literature that suggested it was impossible, that what goes up must come down."
The Happiness Pie
Lyubomirsky, Sheldon and another psychologist, David A. Schkade of the University of California, San Diego, put the existing findings together into a simple pie chart showing what determines happiness. Half the pie is the genetic set point. The smallest slice is circumstances, which explain only about 10 percent of people's differences in happiness. So what is the remaining 40 percent？ "Because nobody had put it together before, that's unexplained," Lyubomirsky says. But she believes that when you take away genes and circumstances, what is left besides error must be "intentional activity," mental and behavioral strategies to counteract adaptation's downward pull.
Lyubomirsky has been studying these activities in hopes of finding out whether and how people can stay above their set point. In theory, that is possible in much the same way regular diet and exercise can keep athletes' weight below their genetic set points. But before Lyubomirsky began, there was "a huge vacuum of research on how to increase happiness," she says. The lottery study in particular "made people shy away from interventions," explains eminent University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman, the father of positive psychology and a mentor to Lyubomirsky. When science had scrutinized(细察) happiness at all, it was mainly through correlational studies, which cannot tell what came first—the happiness or what it is linked to—let alone determine the cause and effect. Finding out that individuals with strong social ties are more satisfied with their lives than loners, for example, begs the question of whether friends make us happier or whether happy people are simply likelier to seek and attract friends.
Lyubomirsky's Research
Lyubomirsky began studying happiness as a graduate student in 1989 after an intriguing conversation with her adviser, Stanford University psychologist Lee D. Ross,
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第3题
The Science of Lasting Happiness
The day I meet Sonja Lyubomirsky, she keeps getting calls from her Toyota, Prius dealer. When she finally picks up, she is excited by the news：she can buy the car she wants in two days. Lyubomirsky wonders if her enthusiasm might come across as materialism, but I understand that she is buying an experience as much as a possession. Two weeks later, in late January, the 40-year-old Lyubomirsky, who smiles often and seems to approach life with zest and good humor, reports that she is "totally loving the Prius". But will the feeling wear off soon after the new-car smell, or will it last, making a naturally happy person even more so？
The Possibility of Lasting Happiness
An experimental psychologist investigating the possibility of lasting happiness, Lyubomirsky understands far better than most of us the folly of pinning our hopes on a new car--or on any good fortune that comes our way. We tend to adapt, quickly returning to our usual level of happiness. The classic example of such "hedonic adaptatiou" (享乐适应)comes from a 1970s study of lottery winners, who ended up no happier than nonwinners a year. after their windfall (意外横财). Hedonic adaptation helps to explain why even changes in major life circumstances--such as income, marriage, physical health and where we live--do so little to boost our overall happiness. Not only that, but studies of twins and adoptees have shown that about 50 percent of each person's happiness is determined from birth. This "genetic set point" alone makes the happiness glass look half empty, because any upward swing in happiness seems doomed to fall back to near your baseline. "There's been a tension in the field, "explains Lyubomirsky's main collaborator, psychologist Kennon M. Sheldon of the University of Missouri-Columbia. "Some people were assuming you can affect happiness if, for example, you picked the right goals, but there was all this literature that suggested it was impossible, that what goes up must come down."
The Happiness Pie
Lyubomirsky, Sheldon and another psychologist, David A. Schkade of the University of California, San Diego, put the existing findings together into a simple pie chart showing what determines happiness. Half the pie is the genetic set point. The smallest slice is circumstances, which explain only about 10 percent of people's differences in happiness. So what is the remaining 40 percent？ "Because nobody had put it together before, that's unexplained," Lyubomirsky says. But she believes that when you take away genes and circumstances, what is left besides error must be "intentional activity", mental and behavioral strategies to counteract adaptation's downward pull.
Lyubomirsky has been studying these activities in hopes of finding out whether and how people can stay above their set point. In theory, that is possible in much the same way regular diet and exercise can keep athletes' weight below their genetic set points. But before Lyubomirsky began, there was "a huge vacuum of research on how to increase happiness", she says. The lottery study in particular "made people shy away from interventions", explains eminent University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin E. P. Seligman, the father of positive psychology and a mentor to Lyubomirsky. When science had scrutinized (细察) happiness at all, it was mainly through correlational studies, which cannot tell what came first--the happiness or what it is linked to--let alone determine the cause and effect. Finding out that individuals with strong social ties are more satisfied with their lives than loners, for example, begs the question of whether friends make us happier or whether happy people are simply like lier to seek and attract friends.
Lyubemirsky's Research
Lyubomirsky began studying happiness as a graduate student in 1989 after an intriguing conversation with her adviser, Stanford University psychologist Lee D. Ro
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第4题
We are not【68】of theories to explain the mystery; researchers have been seeking a【69】explanation of laughter. One writer put【70】the theory that its function is to frighten others or to humiliate them. Another took the opposite【71】that we laugh in order not to cry. A psychologist offered the explanation that laughter【72】as a remedy to painful experiences and it serves to protect a person from【73】the psychologist called "the many minor pains to which man is exposed". In the seventeenth century a writer set forth the theory that we laugh when we【74】ourselves with others and find ourselves【75】to others; in effect, we laugh at the【76】of others.
Almost every theory has been【77】with either the structure or the function of laughter,【78】relatively few have been devoted【79】the question of its origin. I propose to offer a theory which has not previously been set forth,【80】only those animals capable of speech are capable of laughter; and therefore man, being the only animal that【81】, is the only animal that can laugh.
Those who have【82】chimpanzees(黑猩猩) closely feel confident that chimpanzees occasionally【83】behavior. that looks like a primitive human laughter. This【84】, however, has been observed only in a humanlike way; whether or not it is laughter is doubtful; the【85】fact that under any condition an ape is capable of【86】behavior. is no more than passing interest—it only indicates that early man might have the basic laughter.
(68)
A．read
B．talked
C．spoke
D．named
第5题
【B1】
第6题
Time in the Animal Mind
Humans are born time travelers. We may not be able to send our bodies into the past or the future, at least not yet, but we can send our minds. We can relive events that happened long ago or imagine ourselves in the future. New studies suggest that the two directions of time travel are intimately twisted together in the human brain. But some experts on animal behavior. do not think we are unique in this respect. They point to several recent experiments suggesting that animals can visit the past and future as well.
The first clues about the twists and turns of mental time travel came from people with certain brain injuries that caused them to forget autobiographical details without forgetting the information they had picked up along the way. A man known as K.C., for instance, could play chess with no memory of having ever played it. K.C.could remember sentences psychologists taught him without any memory of the lessons. K.C. had lost what psychologists now call episodic memory. Endel Tulving, a Canadian psychologist, defined episodic memory as the ability to recall the details of personal experiences: what happened, where it happened, when it happened and so on. Dr. Tulving argued that episodic memory was distinct from other kinds of memory that did not involve personal experience. People can remember how to get to a subway stop, for example, without recalling the first time they were there.
Episodic memory was also unique to our species, Dr. Tulving maintained. For one thing, he argued that episodic memory required self-awareness. You can't remember yourself if you don't know you exist. He also argued that there was no evidence animals could recollect experiences, even if those experiences left an impression on them.
Many animal behavior. experts agreed with Dr. Tulving, even though they had not actually run experiments testing the idea. But when Nicola Clayton, a comparative psychologist, first heard about the claim, she had a different reaction. Dr. Clayton began to test western scrub jays(灌丛鸦)to see if they met any of the criteria for episodic memory. The jays can hide several thousand pieces of food each year and remember the location of each one. Dr. Clayton wondered if scrub jays simply remembered locations, or if they remembered the experience of hiding the food.
She ran an experiment using two kinds of food: moth larvae(幼虫) and peanuts. Scrub jays prefer larvae to peanuts while the larvae are still fresh. When the larvae are dead for a few hours, the jays prefer peanuts. Dr. Clayton gave the birds a chance to hide both kinds of food and then put them in another cage. She later returned the birds to their hiding-places, in some cases after four, hours and in other cases after five days. The time the scrub jays spent away from their caches had a big effect on the type of food they looked for. The birds that waited four hours tended to dig up larvae, and the birds that had to wait for five days passed the larvae by and dug up peanuts instead.
In 1998, Dr. Clayton and her colleagues published the results of their experiment, declaring that scrub jays met the standards for "episodic-like" memory. Other scientists have followed Dr. Clayton's lead and have searched for signs of episodic-like memory in ether animals. When rats are exploring a maze, for example, they seem to be able to recall which kinds of food they encountered along the way. Hummingbirds(蜂鸟)seem to remember where and when they visited individual flowers for nectar. Rhesus monkeys(恒河猴)can remember where they put food, but not how long ago they put it there.
Some researchers have not been persuaded by these studies, however. "Animals seem to be living very much in the present," said Thomas Suddendorf, a comparative psychologist at the University of Queensland in Australia. Dr. Suddendorf argues that a scrub jay could remember type of
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
第7题
"Shy people tend to be too【C5】______ with themselves," said Jonathan Cheek, a psychologist, who is one of those at the forefront of current research on the topic." 【C6】______ , for a smooth conversation, you need to pay attention to the other person's cues【C7】______ he is saying and doing. But the shy person is full of【C8】______ about how he seems to the other person, and so be often 【C9】______ cues he should pick up. The result is an awkward lag in the conversation. Shy people need to stop focusing on 【C10】______ and switch their attention to the other person."
【C11】______ , shy people by and large have【C12】______ social abilities than they think they do.【C13】______ Dr. Cheek videotaped shy people talking to 【C14】______ , and then had raters (评估者) evaluate how socially skilled the people were, he found that, in the【C15】______ of other people, the shy group had few【C16】______ problems. But when he asked the shy people themselves【C17】______ they had done, they were unanimous in saying that they had been social hops(失败).
"Shy people are their own【C18】______ critics," Dr. Cheek said.【C19】______ , he added, shy people feel they are being judged more【C20】______ than they actually are, and overestimate how obvious their social anxiety is to others.
【C1】
A．prevent
B．inhibit
C．keep
D．motivate
第8题
听力原文： During a state of deep relaxation, several physiological changes take place in the body: the body's oxygen consumption is reduced; the heart beat decreases; muscle tension and sweating ease, and there is decreased sympathetic nervous system activity. (32) This restful state not only allows the body to repair and restore itself but it has a calming effect on the consciousness. How to achieve this state of relaxation, however, is a matter of opinion. (33) A recent report by Dr. David Holmes of the University of Kansas in the journal American Psychologist said that simple sitting in an armchair has just as many beneficial characteristics for the body as meditation does. Researchers of other relaxation techniques disagree . (34) These experts believe that more structured techniques, such as meditation, lead to a condition of deep relaxation. The debate goes on, but one thing appears to be clear: the relaxation response can be reached by a number of methods, and the methods themselves are not as important as getting there. One day, one method may work best; on another day, an alternative method may be more appropriate. (35) Once you are aware of all the methods, you can find the one that works best for you. Some of the relaxation techniques are meditation, self-analysis and progressive muscle relaxation. Although these techniques may not, in the end, produce more of a relaxation response than just sitting quietly in a chair, (35) they have the added benefit of structure and discipline, and for these reasons appear to be more effective for most individuals.
32. What will happen when a person is in a state of deep "relaxation"？
33.What did Dr. David Holmes say about "relaxation" in American Psychologist？
34.What do the opponents of Dr. David Holmes believe？
35.What does the speaker think of "relaxation techniques" such as meditation？
(7)
A．The body will take in more oxygen.
B．The heart will beat more frequently.
C．Muscles will become tense and the body will sweat easily.
D．The consciousness will become more or less calmed.
第9题
听力原文： Many of us believe that a person's mind becomes less active as he grows older. But this is not true, according to Dr. Lissy F. Javik, professor of psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles. Dr. Jarvik has studied the mental functioning of aging persons for several years. For example, one of her studies concerns 136 pairs of identical twins, who were first examined when they were already 60 years old. As Dr. Jarvik's continued the study of the twins into their 70s and 8Os, their minds did not generally decline as was expected.
However, there was some decline in their psychomotor speed. This means that it took them longer to accomplish mental tasks than it used to. But when speed was not a factor, they last very little intellectual ability over the years. In general, Dr. Jarvik's studies have shown that there is no decline in knowledge or reasoning ability. This is true not only into the 30s and 40s but also into 60s and 70s as well.
As for learning new things, and ability to remember, studies by Dr. Jarvik and others show that the old are equal to the young. It is true that older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was. However, much of what we call "loss of memory" is not that at all. There usually was incomplete learning in the first place. For example, the older person perhaps had trouble hearing or poor vision, or inattention, or was trying to learn the new thing at a speed that was too fast.
In the cases where the older person's mind really seems to decay, it is not necessarily a sign of a decay due to old age or "senility". Often it is simply a sign of a depressed emotional state. The depression usually can be counteracted by counseling, therapy with a psychologist, or medications which fight depression.
(30)
A．It remains as active as ever.
B．It tends to be less active.
C．It loses the ability to reason.
D．It functions well in learning new things.
第10题
Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.
There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.
Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors” as all playing their parts.
Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior. in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality (因果关系). Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies... point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior. in some children.”
Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28% supported a connection.
The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event？ And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read ‘aggressive’ or ‘non-aggressive’ words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring？ The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction.
Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society.
21. Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games？
A) There is a lot of violence in the real world today.
B) Something has gone wrong with today’s society.
C) Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed.
D) Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.
